论文部分内容阅读
一、引言
《英语课程标准（普通高中）》指出，对学生的作文主要从内容要点、语言使用效果、结构和连贯性、格式和语域及目标读者的交流五个方面进行评价。在现今学习任务重的压力下，学生少有机会接触社会生活，加上不善观察、思考，难以获得写作题材，写起作文来总觉得脑子空空，无从下笔，无话可写，可谓“巧妇难为无米之炊”。如何才能解决这些问题，攻克英语作文教学这个难关？笔者认为，把作文教学与课文阅读文本教学结合起来，通过阅读教学指导作文写作，将读和写结合起来，读是写的基础，阅读为写作铺路，这样不仅会提高学生的写作能力，更会带来阅读、写作教学的双丰收。
二、课例呈现与评析
（一）基于课文阅读文本的迁移拓展
笔者在进行模块十第二单元“People on the Move”（江苏牛津版）的阅读教学时，首先要求学生结合课文阅读内容进行以下问题的讨论：
Which city will you choose to stay when you graduate from the university， the big cities or the countryside？ Why or why not？
1. Moving to live in big cities.
Reasons：for work， for study， family moves...
Advantages：lots of entertainment， better quality of life...
Disadvantages：pollution， too crowded， traffic problems， crime...
2. Moving to live in the countryside.
Reasons：：old age， start a family...
Advantages：a slower pace of living，safer than a big city， closer community...
Disadvantages：lack of job opportunities， lack of entertainment...
接着要求学生根据讨论的内容写一篇议论文体的作文：
According to the discussion just now and the Chart below， please write a passage about “Living in the City”. Your own opinion should be included.
Recently，our class have had a heated discussion about whether should we live in the city. The opinions are divided
范文：Recently，our class have had a heated discussion about whether should we live in the city. The opinions are divided.
Some of my classmates are in favor of living in the city. Firstly， there are more career opportunities in big cities which they think are very important to their future development. Because big companies have their headquarters located in big cities. Secondly， they think living in a big city is very comfortable. For one thing， it is convenient to take a bus or a taxi. On top of these， cities have parks， restaurants and other entertainment places where they can seek excitement. But small towns have none of these.
However， some other students hold a different opinion. They think the expenses of living are high in big cities. Furthermore， big cities are very crowded with too many people. The air is polluted which contributes to the poor living environment.
As far as I’m concerned， every coin has two sides. But no matter where we live， we should work hard， protect our natural environment and save energy. Let’s fill the world with love.
讨论丰富了学生的语言、词汇、写作素材，激发了学生的写作欲望，帮助学生领会和掌握了议论文体的基本写作规律。
在进行了模块十第四单元“Fight against Cybercrime”（江苏牛津版）的阅读教学后，笔者把课文阅读理解和话题写作结合起来。设计了如下话题： 随着科技的发展，网络犯罪成了世界性的问题，给全世界造成了越来越大的危害。
现状：个人用户：病毒损坏电脑，信息丢失，被骗钱；
大公司和政府部门：安全系统遭到入侵，数据被盗，重要秘密泄露；
原因：1.个人缺乏安全意识，容易轻信网络的话；
2.政府还未立法，法律有漏洞；
3.国际上没有立法标准，难以追踪跨国犯罪分子。
建议：1.……2.……
参考范文：
With the development of science and technology， cybercrime has become a worldwide problem， which has been doing a greater and greater harm to the whole world.
Cybercrime has affected all the Internet users. Many individuals find their computers broken and information gone because of the speed of computer viruses. Some users are cheated of much money on the Internet. Big companies and government departments have had their security systems broken into. As a result， important datum and secrets have been stolen and leaked. This has made all the Internet users suffer a heavy loss.
There are three factors accounting for the terrible crime. Firstly， individual users are commonly lacking in security awareness. They are easily convinced of false information online. Secondly， many governments haven’t yet passed laws against cybercrime and there are many holes in their legal systems. Finally， international standards haven’t been set， so it is hard to catch criminals across borders.
In my opinion， in a bid to secure our online security， we should put strict laws in place to fight against cybercrime. In addition， we must strengthen international cooperation so that we can keep up with the advances in technology used by the criminals.
这样的设计能有效帮助学生复习课文话题词汇，从阅读中汲取素材、语言，历练思想，陶冶情操，提升境界，真正把阅读和写作当成交流与表达的方式及媒介，成为教学中不可或缺的一部分。
（二）基于课本阅读文本的再创作
课文中的句子就是规范的地道的英文，借助课文中的词汇、句型要求学生改写或缩写课文是练习写作的极好机会。笔者在进行了模块九第四单元“Biblical Idioms”（江苏牛津版）的阅读教学后，要求学生根据课文的中文提示写一篇英语小短文：
习语是词组，它的含义与其组成单词的字面意思可能完全不同。除非你能识别习语运用，否则你很容易误解所读到的或听到的内容。英语中存在大量习语，其中相当一部分来源于《圣经》，被称为圣经习语。起初它们有直接明了的意义强调故事的寓意，但现在许多习语与其原意只有隐晦或松散的联系。尽管如此，我们仍然会对许多圣经习语感到乐在其中，如“泥脚”，“宰一头肥牛”，“看见墙上的字”，“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”，“掌上明珠”。
习语是语言的重要组成部分，掌握它们能帮助我们改善或加强自身的语言技能，将交际技能提升到较高水平。更重要的是，我们能透彻了解英语国家，因为习语是历史和文化的载体。
范文：An idiom is a group of words whose meaning can be completely different from its components. Unless you can recognize an idiom， you can easily misunderstand what you read or hear spoken. Many English idioms being used now have their origins in the Bible， so they are referred to as Biblical idioms. They originally had straightforward meanings to underline the moral of a story. But now many have only a vague or loose connection to the idioms in the original. Still， we enjoy many such ones， like “feet of clay”， “kill the fatted calf” ， “see the handwriting on the wall”，“you reap what you sow” and “the apple of somebody’s eyes” .
Idioms are now an important part of the English language. A good knowledge of them can help us polish up or sharpen our language skills and develop a high level of competence in communication skills. Above all， we can have a through understanding of English-speaking counties because idioms are carriers of history and culture.
三、反思与总结
（一）充分开发课文阅读文本的写作资源，可以弥补学生生活阅历浅、积累不足的缺陷，能为学生的写作铺路搭桥。同时，学生通过多读多悟多写，不仅可以得到一种精神享受和乐趣，而且可以大大提高写作水平，当写作不再成为一种沉重的负担，而成为一种兴趣爱好时，作文“难”就会离我们远去。
（二）每篇文章都有题目、结构、材料、语言等，写作文就是各个部分的综合训练。在日常教学中，教师应制订一整套系统的作文教学计划，把作文教学分解开来，从易到难，逐步推进。
（三）教师在平时的教学中应充分意识到阅读与写作的关系是极其密切的。古人云：“操千曲而后晓声，观千剑而后识器。”没有对大量文学作品内涵的把握及由阅读获取的情感体验而形成的深沉积淀，是很难创作出内蕴丰富的优秀之作的。
（四）学生应多读一些英语课外读物，如《中学生英语》、《中学生英语读写》（高中版）、《英语周报》、《21世纪报》等。这些刊物上都有写作导练、单元练习、期中期末检测题的书面表达范文等。这些作文比较适合中学生的实际水平，不仅可以帮助学生巩固和活用所学课本知识，还可以为提高写作能力打下更坚实的基础。学生不妨把它们抄下来背熟，这样持之以恒地坚持下去，对写作会有很大帮助。
《英语课程标准（普通高中）》指出，对学生的作文主要从内容要点、语言使用效果、结构和连贯性、格式和语域及目标读者的交流五个方面进行评价。在现今学习任务重的压力下，学生少有机会接触社会生活，加上不善观察、思考，难以获得写作题材，写起作文来总觉得脑子空空，无从下笔，无话可写，可谓“巧妇难为无米之炊”。如何才能解决这些问题，攻克英语作文教学这个难关？笔者认为，把作文教学与课文阅读文本教学结合起来，通过阅读教学指导作文写作，将读和写结合起来，读是写的基础，阅读为写作铺路，这样不仅会提高学生的写作能力，更会带来阅读、写作教学的双丰收。
二、课例呈现与评析
（一）基于课文阅读文本的迁移拓展
笔者在进行模块十第二单元“People on the Move”（江苏牛津版）的阅读教学时，首先要求学生结合课文阅读内容进行以下问题的讨论：
Which city will you choose to stay when you graduate from the university， the big cities or the countryside？ Why or why not？
1. Moving to live in big cities.
Reasons：for work， for study， family moves...
Advantages：lots of entertainment， better quality of life...
Disadvantages：pollution， too crowded， traffic problems， crime...
2. Moving to live in the countryside.
Reasons：：old age， start a family...
Advantages：a slower pace of living，safer than a big city， closer community...
Disadvantages：lack of job opportunities， lack of entertainment...
接着要求学生根据讨论的内容写一篇议论文体的作文：
According to the discussion just now and the Chart below， please write a passage about “Living in the City”. Your own opinion should be included.
Recently，our class have had a heated discussion about whether should we live in the city. The opinions are divided
范文：Recently，our class have had a heated discussion about whether should we live in the city. The opinions are divided.
Some of my classmates are in favor of living in the city. Firstly， there are more career opportunities in big cities which they think are very important to their future development. Because big companies have their headquarters located in big cities. Secondly， they think living in a big city is very comfortable. For one thing， it is convenient to take a bus or a taxi. On top of these， cities have parks， restaurants and other entertainment places where they can seek excitement. But small towns have none of these.
However， some other students hold a different opinion. They think the expenses of living are high in big cities. Furthermore， big cities are very crowded with too many people. The air is polluted which contributes to the poor living environment.
As far as I’m concerned， every coin has two sides. But no matter where we live， we should work hard， protect our natural environment and save energy. Let’s fill the world with love.
讨论丰富了学生的语言、词汇、写作素材，激发了学生的写作欲望，帮助学生领会和掌握了议论文体的基本写作规律。
在进行了模块十第四单元“Fight against Cybercrime”（江苏牛津版）的阅读教学后，笔者把课文阅读理解和话题写作结合起来。设计了如下话题： 随着科技的发展，网络犯罪成了世界性的问题，给全世界造成了越来越大的危害。
现状：个人用户：病毒损坏电脑，信息丢失，被骗钱；
大公司和政府部门：安全系统遭到入侵，数据被盗，重要秘密泄露；
原因：1.个人缺乏安全意识，容易轻信网络的话；
2.政府还未立法，法律有漏洞；
3.国际上没有立法标准，难以追踪跨国犯罪分子。
建议：1.……2.……
参考范文：
With the development of science and technology， cybercrime has become a worldwide problem， which has been doing a greater and greater harm to the whole world.
Cybercrime has affected all the Internet users. Many individuals find their computers broken and information gone because of the speed of computer viruses. Some users are cheated of much money on the Internet. Big companies and government departments have had their security systems broken into. As a result， important datum and secrets have been stolen and leaked. This has made all the Internet users suffer a heavy loss.
There are three factors accounting for the terrible crime. Firstly， individual users are commonly lacking in security awareness. They are easily convinced of false information online. Secondly， many governments haven’t yet passed laws against cybercrime and there are many holes in their legal systems. Finally， international standards haven’t been set， so it is hard to catch criminals across borders.
In my opinion， in a bid to secure our online security， we should put strict laws in place to fight against cybercrime. In addition， we must strengthen international cooperation so that we can keep up with the advances in technology used by the criminals.
这样的设计能有效帮助学生复习课文话题词汇，从阅读中汲取素材、语言，历练思想，陶冶情操，提升境界，真正把阅读和写作当成交流与表达的方式及媒介，成为教学中不可或缺的一部分。
（二）基于课本阅读文本的再创作
课文中的句子就是规范的地道的英文，借助课文中的词汇、句型要求学生改写或缩写课文是练习写作的极好机会。笔者在进行了模块九第四单元“Biblical Idioms”（江苏牛津版）的阅读教学后，要求学生根据课文的中文提示写一篇英语小短文：
习语是词组，它的含义与其组成单词的字面意思可能完全不同。除非你能识别习语运用，否则你很容易误解所读到的或听到的内容。英语中存在大量习语，其中相当一部分来源于《圣经》，被称为圣经习语。起初它们有直接明了的意义强调故事的寓意，但现在许多习语与其原意只有隐晦或松散的联系。尽管如此，我们仍然会对许多圣经习语感到乐在其中，如“泥脚”，“宰一头肥牛”，“看见墙上的字”，“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”，“掌上明珠”。
习语是语言的重要组成部分，掌握它们能帮助我们改善或加强自身的语言技能，将交际技能提升到较高水平。更重要的是，我们能透彻了解英语国家，因为习语是历史和文化的载体。
范文：An idiom is a group of words whose meaning can be completely different from its components. Unless you can recognize an idiom， you can easily misunderstand what you read or hear spoken. Many English idioms being used now have their origins in the Bible， so they are referred to as Biblical idioms. They originally had straightforward meanings to underline the moral of a story. But now many have only a vague or loose connection to the idioms in the original. Still， we enjoy many such ones， like “feet of clay”， “kill the fatted calf” ， “see the handwriting on the wall”，“you reap what you sow” and “the apple of somebody’s eyes” .
Idioms are now an important part of the English language. A good knowledge of them can help us polish up or sharpen our language skills and develop a high level of competence in communication skills. Above all， we can have a through understanding of English-speaking counties because idioms are carriers of history and culture.
三、反思与总结
（一）充分开发课文阅读文本的写作资源，可以弥补学生生活阅历浅、积累不足的缺陷，能为学生的写作铺路搭桥。同时，学生通过多读多悟多写，不仅可以得到一种精神享受和乐趣，而且可以大大提高写作水平，当写作不再成为一种沉重的负担，而成为一种兴趣爱好时，作文“难”就会离我们远去。
（二）每篇文章都有题目、结构、材料、语言等，写作文就是各个部分的综合训练。在日常教学中，教师应制订一整套系统的作文教学计划，把作文教学分解开来，从易到难，逐步推进。
（三）教师在平时的教学中应充分意识到阅读与写作的关系是极其密切的。古人云：“操千曲而后晓声，观千剑而后识器。”没有对大量文学作品内涵的把握及由阅读获取的情感体验而形成的深沉积淀，是很难创作出内蕴丰富的优秀之作的。
（四）学生应多读一些英语课外读物，如《中学生英语》、《中学生英语读写》（高中版）、《英语周报》、《21世纪报》等。这些刊物上都有写作导练、单元练习、期中期末检测题的书面表达范文等。这些作文比较适合中学生的实际水平，不仅可以帮助学生巩固和活用所学课本知识，还可以为提高写作能力打下更坚实的基础。学生不妨把它们抄下来背熟，这样持之以恒地坚持下去，对写作会有很大帮助。