在实行市场经济体制的国家中,财政政策和货币政策是通常最为惯用的政府宏观调控手段。当政府认为需要推动经济发展,刺激经济景气时,往往采用扩张性的财政政策和货币政策,通过增加政府的财政开支和中央银行松动基础货币,增加货币供应等办法,来扩大国内需求,以启动经济。当政府认为需要抑制经济过热,控制需求过旺时,往往采用紧缩的财政政策和货币政策,通过控制财政投入和货币投放,减少即期需求总量,以求总供给与总需求的大体平衡。但是,由于经济发展情况比较复杂,调控手段也不可能只是或紧或松两种取向,在有的 Among the countries that have practiced a market economy system, fiscal policy and monetary policy are the most commonly used means of government macro-control. When the government considers it necessary to promote economic development and stimulate the economy, it often adopts expansive fiscal and monetary policies to expand domestic demand by increasing the government’s fiscal expenditures and the central bank’s loosening of the monetary base and the increase of money supply to start economic. When the government considers it necessary to curb overheating and control over demand, it often adopts tightening fiscal policies and monetary policies to reduce the total immediate demand by controlling the financial input and money supply so as to achieve a general balance between aggregate supply and total demand. However, due to the complicated economic situation, it is impossible for the means of regulation and control to be either tight or loose. In some cases