The microbial population dynamics in bulk and developing cucumber rhizospheres were studied by cultivation and cultivation-independent approach based on directly extracted DNA to provide baseline data. Soil and rhizosphere samples were taken from tested field 2, 4, 7 and 10 weeks after the seeds were planted, which was positively related to the corresponding date of cucumber growth stages. The plate culture amount showed that total number of bacteria,fungi and actinomyces began to rise when cucumber planted and quickly reached peak at seedling or blossom period, but decreased slightly later. Bacterial population in rhizosphere was higher by comparison with that of counterpart except for seedling and flowering stages, but the shift trend of them were quite similar all the time. Nitrogen fixating, nitrobacter and ammonifying bacteria showed the same change tendency in population as bacteria and actinomyces did, however, cellulose-decomposing bacteria had the contrary rhizosphere effect as cucumber developed. Data revealed that positive relevance existed between the dominant rhizosphere microbe population and cucumber development. PCR was employed to amolify the V3 region of 16S rDNA, then the products were subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE). DGGE profile indicated that a few microbe species lived stable in farmland soil, but some were influenced by population due to cucumber roots growth. Significant difference was observed in bulk and rhizosphere soils especially for the seedling and flowering samples. Few prominent bands in DGGE patterns, which displayed stronger or less illumination, means the representative bacteria had great population variation in that period. These phenomena indicated that flowering cucumber heavily affected rhizosphere bacteria, or the bacteria, most probably the uncultured bacteria, functioned specially to cucumber blossom. Most detected bands with no illumination change in DGGE quite possibly represent the indigenous microbes that were essential for constructing and stabilizing farmland microecological environment.