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高考英语卷单项填空、完形填空等题型中,有了一定比例的词汇辨析题,要求考生在所给的四个选项中选出一个与题干相匹配的单词或短语。考生做该类题时,往往就靠猜,考完了正确答案还“悬在空中”。即使蒙对,也不算真正掌握。下面列出出高频易错动词若干,并对其进行了不同角度的辨析,或侧重词义,或侧重用法,或两者兼顾,仅供同学们学习词汇时参考。
affect / effect / influence
affect只能作及物动词,以被影响的事物作宾语,意指“影响;使产生变化”,也可引申为“感动,感染”。例如:
Alcohol affects drivers’ concentration.
酒精能影响司机的注意力。
I was too much affected to answer.
我被感动得答不出来。
The poet’s passion affected all his readers.
诗人的激情感染了每一位读者。
effect主要用作名词,特指affect(have an influence on)的“结果或效果”。作动词时,意指“实现,导致,产生”。例如:
The effect of the changes was that many employees lost their jobs.
这些变化结果使许多雇员失了业。
Punishment does not seem to have much effect on him.
惩罚似乎对他没有对多大效果。
The new principle effected changes in the rules of the school.
新校长修改了校规。
The recent development of events effected a change in my opinion.
最近事态的发展导致了我的看法的变化。
influence 表示“影响”时,着重对人或物起某种作用,使思想、行为、性质和成长等发生变化。它既可指正面影响,也可指负面影响,常含潜移默化之意味。例如:
At an early age the youth will develop his personality traits, and the kind of home life he has will greatly influence the development.
青年人的个性从小的时候就逐步形成,而他的家庭生活对其个性的养成是很有影响的。
It’s clear that her painting has been influenced by Picasso.
她的画显然受了毕加索的影响。
The weather influences the crops.
天气影响农作物。
arise / rise / raise
arise和rise均作不及物动词,指人或物“起身,起立”时,可互换使用,不过rise较常用,arise较正式。例如:
He rose to welcome me.
他起身欢迎我。
arise表示“开始;出现;发生”时,大多以抽象名词作主语。例如:
A new difficulty has arisen.
出现了新困难。
rise一般表示“上升”,抽象、具体名词均可作其主语。例如:
Prices keep rising.
物价不断上涨。
My hope is rising.
我的希望越来越大。
What time does the sun rise?
太阳什么时候升起?
raise是及物动词,意指“举起,抬起,提高”。例如:
Raise your hands ,please.
请把你们的手举起来。
The bus company decided to raise the bus fare by one yuan.
公共汽车公司决定把车费提高壹元。
persist / insist / stick
persist多用于“坚持某种具体行为”,有时含贬义,用来指固执己见。后接in 名词或v-ing形式。例如:
He persists in his bad habit.
他恶习不改。
If you persist in misbehaving, you’ll be punished.
如果你坚持胡作非为,就将受到惩罚。
insist多用于“坚持某种意见、主张”,后接on v-ing形式、名词或从句。例如:
I always insist on wholemeal bread.
我一贯主张要吃全麦面包。
Mary insisted on my staying there for supper.
玛丽坚持要留我在那儿吃晚饭。
He insisted that you (should) do it immediately.
他坚决主张你立即做这件事。
insist作“力言,极力表白”解释时,从句谓语动词该用何时态就用何时态。例如:
She insisted that she was innocent.
她坚持说自己是清白的。
stick通常指“坚持(立场、观点、原则、方法或规定)”,后接to 名词。例如:
Sticking to this principle, he has written many more songs.
他坚持这个原则,写出了更多歌曲。
depart / part
depart是不及物动词,意指“离开(某地);(火车等)开出”,亦可喻指“背离,违反”等。例如:
They departed for America.
他们起程去美国。
The 10:15 to Leeds departs from Platform 4.
10点15分开往利兹的火车在第4站台上车。
The measure departed from his resolution.
这措施违背了他的决定。
part意指“(同某人)分手”、“分开”。例如:
He parted with his wife last year.
去年他和妻子分手了。
They parted from each other at the school gate.
他们在校门口告别了。
He parted the fighting dogs.
他把打架的狗分开了。
beat / hit / strike / knock
beat意指“连续地打”。例如:
The man was beaten until he was black and blue.
那男人被打得青一块紫一块。
hit意指“击中”,强调“打一下”,而且是“直接”接触某物。例如:
He hit me on the head.
他打了一下我的头。
strike作“敲打”、“撞击”解,表示一次或多次有力地打一下,强调迅速地、突然地。例如:
The stone struck (=hit) him in the eye.
石子突然击中他的眼睛。
strike亦作“(光)照到”或“(闪电)击中”解。例如:
The tree had been struck by lightening.
这棵树已被闪电击中。
knock意指“敲”、“撞击”、“打”,常与at,on和down连用。例如:
Tom knocked me down.
汤姆把我撞倒。
Suggest
suggest作“提议”,“建议”解,后跟名词、动名词或由that引导的从句。例如:
I suggest a visit (going, that we should go) to the theatre.
我提议去看戏。
I suggested to Scott that we should not cheat in the exam.
我向斯科特建议我们考试不要作弊。
suggest作“暗示”,“表明”解,后跟名词或由that引导的从句。例如:
His accent suggested Fujian.
他的口音表明他是福建人。
The pale face suggested that she was ill.
苍白的脸表明她生病了。
stand / endure / bear / tolerate
stand口语化,含“勇敢、顽强、不退缩”之意。例如:
He can’t stand the hot weather.
他不能忍受炎热的天气。
These houses have stood the test of time.
这些房屋经受住了时间的考验。
endure比较正式,多指长期忍受痛苦、压力和考验而从不屈服和后退。
The pioneers endured many hardships in setting the west.
那些拓荒者在开发西部时历经了千辛万苦。
bear普通用语,指忍受不愉快的、讨厌的东西,侧重于负担和付出的力量,但不暗示忍受的方式。
The pain was almost more than he could bear.
疼痛几乎使他无法忍受。
tolerate意指“容忍”,语气较弱,宾语可以是人或物,但一般不用于忍受痛苦或苦难。例如:
How can you tolerate that conceited girl?
你怎能容忍那自负的女孩?
I won’t tolerate your selfishness.
我不会容忍你的自私。
rouse / arouse
rouse庄重用语,含“激起”之意,对象人、物均可。例如:
He went all around the building, rousing everybody.
他走遍全楼,把大家叫醒。
The elephant, if roused, might get dangerous.
要是大象被招惹了,是很危险的。
arouse喻指“引起;唤起”,以抽象名词为对象。例如:
The stranger’s behavior aroused the doorman’s suspicion.
那陌生人的行为引起了看门人的疑心。
在高考英语卷中,还会出现其他词类的辨析题,只要同学们平时深入词汇学习,注意同义或近义词在词性、词义以及用法上的区别,提高辨别与运用能力,解题正确率自然上升。
affect / effect / influence
affect只能作及物动词,以被影响的事物作宾语,意指“影响;使产生变化”,也可引申为“感动,感染”。例如:
Alcohol affects drivers’ concentration.
酒精能影响司机的注意力。
I was too much affected to answer.
我被感动得答不出来。
The poet’s passion affected all his readers.
诗人的激情感染了每一位读者。
effect主要用作名词,特指affect(have an influence on)的“结果或效果”。作动词时,意指“实现,导致,产生”。例如:
The effect of the changes was that many employees lost their jobs.
这些变化结果使许多雇员失了业。
Punishment does not seem to have much effect on him.
惩罚似乎对他没有对多大效果。
The new principle effected changes in the rules of the school.
新校长修改了校规。
The recent development of events effected a change in my opinion.
最近事态的发展导致了我的看法的变化。
influence 表示“影响”时,着重对人或物起某种作用,使思想、行为、性质和成长等发生变化。它既可指正面影响,也可指负面影响,常含潜移默化之意味。例如:
At an early age the youth will develop his personality traits, and the kind of home life he has will greatly influence the development.
青年人的个性从小的时候就逐步形成,而他的家庭生活对其个性的养成是很有影响的。
It’s clear that her painting has been influenced by Picasso.
她的画显然受了毕加索的影响。
The weather influences the crops.
天气影响农作物。
arise / rise / raise
arise和rise均作不及物动词,指人或物“起身,起立”时,可互换使用,不过rise较常用,arise较正式。例如:
He rose to welcome me.
他起身欢迎我。
arise表示“开始;出现;发生”时,大多以抽象名词作主语。例如:
A new difficulty has arisen.
出现了新困难。
rise一般表示“上升”,抽象、具体名词均可作其主语。例如:
Prices keep rising.
物价不断上涨。
My hope is rising.
我的希望越来越大。
What time does the sun rise?
太阳什么时候升起?
raise是及物动词,意指“举起,抬起,提高”。例如:
Raise your hands ,please.
请把你们的手举起来。
The bus company decided to raise the bus fare by one yuan.
公共汽车公司决定把车费提高壹元。
persist / insist / stick
persist多用于“坚持某种具体行为”,有时含贬义,用来指固执己见。后接in 名词或v-ing形式。例如:
He persists in his bad habit.
他恶习不改。
If you persist in misbehaving, you’ll be punished.
如果你坚持胡作非为,就将受到惩罚。
insist多用于“坚持某种意见、主张”,后接on v-ing形式、名词或从句。例如:
I always insist on wholemeal bread.
我一贯主张要吃全麦面包。
Mary insisted on my staying there for supper.
玛丽坚持要留我在那儿吃晚饭。
He insisted that you (should) do it immediately.
他坚决主张你立即做这件事。
insist作“力言,极力表白”解释时,从句谓语动词该用何时态就用何时态。例如:
She insisted that she was innocent.
她坚持说自己是清白的。
stick通常指“坚持(立场、观点、原则、方法或规定)”,后接to 名词。例如:
Sticking to this principle, he has written many more songs.
他坚持这个原则,写出了更多歌曲。
depart / part
depart是不及物动词,意指“离开(某地);(火车等)开出”,亦可喻指“背离,违反”等。例如:
They departed for America.
他们起程去美国。
The 10:15 to Leeds departs from Platform 4.
10点15分开往利兹的火车在第4站台上车。
The measure departed from his resolution.
这措施违背了他的决定。
part意指“(同某人)分手”、“分开”。例如:
He parted with his wife last year.
去年他和妻子分手了。
They parted from each other at the school gate.
他们在校门口告别了。
He parted the fighting dogs.
他把打架的狗分开了。
beat / hit / strike / knock
beat意指“连续地打”。例如:
The man was beaten until he was black and blue.
那男人被打得青一块紫一块。
hit意指“击中”,强调“打一下”,而且是“直接”接触某物。例如:
He hit me on the head.
他打了一下我的头。
strike作“敲打”、“撞击”解,表示一次或多次有力地打一下,强调迅速地、突然地。例如:
The stone struck (=hit) him in the eye.
石子突然击中他的眼睛。
strike亦作“(光)照到”或“(闪电)击中”解。例如:
The tree had been struck by lightening.
这棵树已被闪电击中。
knock意指“敲”、“撞击”、“打”,常与at,on和down连用。例如:
Tom knocked me down.
汤姆把我撞倒。
Suggest
suggest作“提议”,“建议”解,后跟名词、动名词或由that引导的从句。例如:
I suggest a visit (going, that we should go) to the theatre.
我提议去看戏。
I suggested to Scott that we should not cheat in the exam.
我向斯科特建议我们考试不要作弊。
suggest作“暗示”,“表明”解,后跟名词或由that引导的从句。例如:
His accent suggested Fujian.
他的口音表明他是福建人。
The pale face suggested that she was ill.
苍白的脸表明她生病了。
stand / endure / bear / tolerate
stand口语化,含“勇敢、顽强、不退缩”之意。例如:
He can’t stand the hot weather.
他不能忍受炎热的天气。
These houses have stood the test of time.
这些房屋经受住了时间的考验。
endure比较正式,多指长期忍受痛苦、压力和考验而从不屈服和后退。
The pioneers endured many hardships in setting the west.
那些拓荒者在开发西部时历经了千辛万苦。
bear普通用语,指忍受不愉快的、讨厌的东西,侧重于负担和付出的力量,但不暗示忍受的方式。
The pain was almost more than he could bear.
疼痛几乎使他无法忍受。
tolerate意指“容忍”,语气较弱,宾语可以是人或物,但一般不用于忍受痛苦或苦难。例如:
How can you tolerate that conceited girl?
你怎能容忍那自负的女孩?
I won’t tolerate your selfishness.
我不会容忍你的自私。
rouse / arouse
rouse庄重用语,含“激起”之意,对象人、物均可。例如:
He went all around the building, rousing everybody.
他走遍全楼,把大家叫醒。
The elephant, if roused, might get dangerous.
要是大象被招惹了,是很危险的。
arouse喻指“引起;唤起”,以抽象名词为对象。例如:
The stranger’s behavior aroused the doorman’s suspicion.
那陌生人的行为引起了看门人的疑心。
在高考英语卷中,还会出现其他词类的辨析题,只要同学们平时深入词汇学习,注意同义或近义词在词性、词义以及用法上的区别,提高辨别与运用能力,解题正确率自然上升。