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在古代埃及的神话中,正义之神马特将死者的心脏和代表真理的羽毛放在天平的两端进行衡量,如果羽毛那端较重,死者就会通往天堂,反之,心脏就会被马特所吃掉。古代的神祗用真理和天平来衡量一个人有罪与否。在现代司法制度中,那个决定性的象征变成了无罪推定。当支持原被告双方的证据基本相等时,无罪推定作为一枚重要的、无形的砝码指向了有力于被告的一边。在1909年的爱德华·劳伦斯一案中,这一点得到了充分的体现。回顾审判发展的历史,我们可以看到审判发展经历了由神明裁判到教会的纠问式审判和英国的陪审制审判;由私人复仇性质的审判到公开的法庭审判;由教会的宗教裁判走向了世俗的法官审判。刑事审判的原则形式都发生了极大的变化。
In the ancient Egyptian mythology, Matt, the god of justice, measured the heart of the deceased and the feathers representing the truth at both ends of the scale. If the feathers were heavier, the dead would lead to paradise. On the contrary, the heart would be Matt eaten. Ancient gods use the truth and the balance to measure whether a person is guilty or not. In the modern judicial system, that decisive symbol became a presumption of innocence. When the evidence supporting both the defendants is basically equal, the presumption of innocence is an important and invisible weight that points to a force on the defendant. This was fully demonstrated in the Edward Lawrence case of 1909. Recalling the history of trial development, we can see that the development of trials has gone through the trial of God’s Judgment to the Church and the trial of jury in the United Kingdom; from a private revenge trial to a public court trial; from a religious judge to a Secular judge trial. The principle forms of criminal trials have undergone tremendous changes.