目前,人们越来越倾向于把管理的对象看成是一个系统,而把综合性的管理过程看成是一项系统工程。其原因是在长期的实践中,由于片面追求个别目标而顾此失彼造成管理失误。因此,单纯从局部的角度出发来考虑和处理全局性的问题总是行不通的。然而,更重要的原因则由于人们理论认识上的提高。近半个世纪来,随着科学技术的发展,特别是由于计算技术、通讯技术、自动控制、数学、物理、化学、生物以及社会科学的迅猛发展,导致各方面的研究结果殊途同归,达到了统一的理论认 At present, people are more and more inclined to regard the management object as a system and regard the comprehensive management process as a systematic project. The reason is that in the long-term practice, due to one-sided pursuit of individual goals and misconduct, it causes mismanagement. Therefore, it is not always feasible to consider and deal with global issues from a local perspective. However, the more important reason is the improvement of people’s theoretical understanding. In the past half century, with the development of science and technology, especially due to the rapid development of computing technology, communication technology, automatic control, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and social science, the research results in all fields have reached the same goal and reached the same goal. Theoretical recognition