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作格(ergativity)是韩礼德在及物性分析的基础上提出来的。他认为作格分析与及物性分析是两种相互补充的分析法,作格分析与及物分析是对同一小句不同角度的分析方法,就像对同一图形从一个角度看是内凹的,从另一角度看是中凸的一样。对于一切语言,我们都可使用作格和及物的分析方法。作格分析的过程与及物分析的过程相同,但其参与者涉及中介(Medium)和施事者(Agent),它可考察动作的发生是外力还是内因所致。同时,作格分析还为小句语义的分析和语篇的理解提供了一种新的视角和方法。
Ergativity is made by Halliday on the basis of physical analysis. He thinks that the analysis of the form and the analysis of the physical properties are two complementary analytical methods. The analysis of the form and the analysis of the object are the analysis methods of different angles of the same clause, just as the same figure is concave from one perspective, From another perspective is the same convex. For all languages, we can use it as a method of analysis of forms and objects. The process of making a case analysis is the same as that of material analysis. However, its participants involve both Medium and Agent, which can examine whether an action is caused by external force or internal cause. At the same time, for the analysis also provides a new perspective and method for the analysis of small sentences and the understanding of discourse.