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我们所指的软物质,美国人称为“复杂流体”。它有两个主要特征: (1)复杂性。从一定原始意义上,我们可以说,现代生物学已经由简单模型体系(细菌)进入复杂的多细胞组织(植物、无脊椎动物、有脊椎动物……)。类似地,从本世纪上半叶原子物理学的爆炸,一个自然的结果就是软物质的出现。其基础是高分子、表面活性物质、液晶,同样还有胶体粒子。(2)柔性。我喜欢通过一个早期的高分子实验对此加以解释,它起源于亚马逊河流域的印第安人。他们从三叶胶树上收集树汁,然后涂到脚上,令其在短时间内干燥。您瞧,他们就有了一双靴子!从微观的观点看来,起点是一组独立的柔性高分子链,空气中的氧在链间建立了一些“桥”,这就带来了惊人的变化:从
The soft matter we refer to is what Americans call “complex fluids.” It has two main features: (1) complexity. From a certain primitive point of view, we can say that modern biology has entered complex multicellular tissues (plants, invertebrates, vertebrates ...) from simple model systems (bacteria). Similarly, from the explosion of atomic physics in the first half of this century, a natural consequence is the emergence of soft matter. Its foundation is polymer, surface active substance, liquid crystal, also have colloidal particle. (2) flexibility. I like to explain this through an early experiment of macromolecules that originated in the Amazon in the Amazon. They collect sap from Hevea trees and apply them to their feet to dry them in a short time. You see, they have a pair of boots! From a microscopic point of view, the starting point is a group of independent, flexible polymer chains that create some “bridges” between the chains of oxygen in the air, leading to astonishing changes :From