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为了解我国儿童计划免疫和乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗接种的现状 ,在全国 3 1个省 (自治区、直辖市 ,下同 )采用组群抽样法进行了调查。结果显示 ,全国四种疫苗的接种率是 :卡介苗 97 2 % ,口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗 ( 3剂全程 ) 92 0 % ,百白破混合制剂 ( 3针全程 ) 92 7% ,麻疹疫苗 93 0 % ;四种疫苗全程免疫覆盖率平均为 85 3 % ;计划免疫保偿率为 46 0 %。乙肝疫苗 3针全程接种率全国平均为 70 7% ,12月龄内 3针全程接种率平均为 63 5 % ;全国接种点提供乙肝疫苗免疫服务的占 85 4%。向儿童家长的调查表明 ,影响四种疫苗接种的原因是 :( 1)不知道要接种 ;( 2 )时间不合适 ;( 3 )本地无户口 ;( 4 )计划外生育。影响乙肝疫苗接种的原因是 :( 1)本地不提供服务 ;( 2 )不知道要接种 ;( 3 )收费太贵。本次调查也证实 ,我国计划免疫工作薄弱之处主要是少数民族地区、贫困地区、经济发展滞后的边远地区和山区 ;人群主要是流动儿童和计划外生育的儿童。今后在发展当地经济的同时 ,应加强对这些地区和这些特殊人群的宣传教育 ,探讨为当地居民乐于接受的方法和形式来提高居民对计划免疫的认识和要求 ,既有利于减轻计划免疫服务方的工作负担 ,又有利于提高计划免疫服务的质量。
In order to understand the current status of China’s childhood immunization and Hepatitis B vaccination, population sampling was conducted in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities, the same below). The results showed that the vaccination rates of the four vaccines were 97 2% for BCG vaccine, 92 0% for oral polio vaccine (3 doses of whole drug), 92 7% The average immunization coverage of all four vaccines was 85.3%. The planned immunization coverage rate was 46%. The 3-needle vaccination coverage of hepatitis B vaccine nationwide averaged 70.7%. The 3-needle vaccination coverage rate averaged 63.5% within 12 months and 85.4% of the vaccination sites nationwide provided hepatitis B vaccine immunization services. Surveys to children’s parents showed that the factors that affected the four vaccinations were: (1) no knowledge of vaccination; (2) inappropriate time; (3) no local hukou; and (4) unplanned childbirth. The reasons for the impact of hepatitis B vaccination are: (1) the local does not provide services; (2) do not know to be vaccinated; (3) the charges are too expensive. The survey also confirmed that the weaknesses of China’s planned immunization work are mainly the remote areas and mountainous areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, poor areas and the backward economic development; the population is mainly migrant children and unplanned children. In the future, while developing the local economy, we should step up publicity and education on these areas and these special groups to explore ways and forms that are acceptable to local residents so as to enhance residents’ awareness of and demand for immunization. It is both beneficial to alleviating the need for planned immunization services The work load also helps to improve the quality of planned immunization services.