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乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)是一个很“成功”的病毒,可通过诱导免疫耐受在人群中世代相传。HBV基因组小而紧凑,不但基因之间重叠,而且编码区与非编码区重叠。如此复杂的基因组如何进化而来尚不清楚,但相关病毒或病毒化石已在鸟类、两栖类、鳄鱼、蛇、乌龟及哺乳类中发现,提示此类病毒存在的历史悠久。全球的HBV根据序列差异可分成8种基因型。HBV慢性感染进程中,机体从免疫耐受期过渡到免疫清除期,导致野生型病毒被突变株替代。首先,介绍HBV的生命周期;然后,概述病毒的基因型与突变株在慢性感染的建立以及暴发性肝炎与肝癌的发生中所起的作用;最后,通过与相关动物病毒的比较,探讨HBV可能的进化历程。
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a very “successful” virus that can be passed on from generation to generation in humans by inducing immune tolerance. The HBV genome is small and compact, not only overlapping genes but also overlapping coding and non-coding regions. It is unclear how such a complex genome evolved, but related viruses or fossils of fossils have been found in birds, amphibians, crocodiles, snakes, turtles and mammals, suggesting a long history of such viruses. The global HBV can be divided into 8 genotypes according to sequence differences. In the process of chronic HBV infection, the body transition from immune tolerance to immune clearance, resulting in the wild-type virus being replaced by the mutant. First of all, it introduces the life cycle of HBV; then, it summarizes the role of the virus genotype and mutant in the establishment of chronic infection and the occurrence of fulminant hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma; finally, through the comparison with related animal viruses, Evolutionary process.