市场在资源配置中可以有效地发挥作用,但它并非万能。它也有其自身难以克服的弱点和不足,即所谓“市场失灵”问题。 市场失灵首先表现为经济的外部性,即有些经济活动的社会效用和个体效用之间,社会成本与个体成本之间存在差异,且这种差异不能在一个企业内部表现出来。因为,有些生产活动从企业来看是有效益的,但从全社会来看却造成了外部经济的损失,如环境污染。 The market can play an effective role in the allocation of resources, but it is not a panacea. It also has its own insurmountable weaknesses and shortcomings, the so-called “market failure.” The market failure first manifests itself as the externality of the economy, that is, between the social utility and individual utility of some economic activities. There is a difference between social costs and individual costs, and this difference cannot be expressed within a company. Because some production activities are effective from the perspective of enterprises, they have caused losses in the external economy such as environmental pollution.