外科手术是治疗肿瘤最古老的方法。自十九世纪末Halsted 提出乳腺癌的根治性手术原则以来,已有近百年的历史。由于麻醉学的进步及抗菌素的应用,使外科医生有可能进行较大范围的手术以求肿瘤根治。但临床实践证明,仅靠外科手术,某些部位的癌瘤以及中晚期肿瘤难以奏效。为了提高肿瘤切除率,减少局部复发,对某些肿瘤巳开展了术前和术后放射治疗。但是,外放射定位不够精确,剂量较大 Surgery is the oldest way to treat cancer. Since Halsted proposed the principle of radical surgery for breast cancer at the end of the 19th century, it has been nearly a hundred years old. Due to advances in anesthesiology and the use of antibiotics, it is possible for surgeons to perform a wide range of surgeries for radical tumors. However, clinical practice has proven that surgical resection alone and cancerous tumors in some sites are not effective. In order to increase the rate of tumor resection and reduce local recurrence, preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy was performed for some tumors. However, external radiation positioning is not accurate enough and the dose is large