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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is currently the most common cardiac tachyarrhythmia in clinical practice. AF has a tendency to become more persistent over time. Progression of an underlying disease is one explanation. Another possible explanation is electrical, structural, and gap junctional remodeling of the atrium by repetitive induction of AF.1 The expression level and distribution of it have close relation with the conduction velocity of electrical activation in the atrium. The aim of the present study was to investigate the altations of the expression and distribution of (connexin 40, Cx 40) and (connexin 43, Cx 43) in the right atrial appendages of the patients with AF by laser confocal scanning microscopy and West blot technique.