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苏联的现代化是俄罗斯整个现代化链条中的一环,是俄罗斯现代化的一种新模式试验。俄罗斯现代化的失败是因为传统力量的强大,迫使俄罗斯通过革命转换模式。而苏联现代化的失败,虽然有种种原因,但最根本的原因仍然是传统力量阻碍。俄罗斯传统力量在苏联时期的顽强表现,不仅仅是阻碍了现代化的进行,更重要的是扭曲了社会主义方向,改变了苏联社会主义的本质。从文化学角度看,俄罗斯传统力量之所以如此强大,最重要的原因是俄罗斯社会内部的经济发展动力不足。俄罗斯不是求教于对外扩张,就是求救于内部的政治变革,即用人为改变生产关系的办法。这不是促进现代化的根本之路。从俄罗斯到苏联再到今日俄罗斯,要想搞好现代化,根本的一条就是必须排除一切传统力量的干扰,扎扎实实地抓好经济和文化建设。
The modernization of the Soviet Union is a part of Russia’s entire chain of modernization and a test of a new model of Russia’s modernization. The failure of Russia’s modernization was due to the strength of its traditional forces that forced Russia to adopt a revolutionary mode of conversion. Although there are various reasons for the failure of the Soviet modernization, the most fundamental reason is still the obstacle of traditional forces. The tenacious performance of the traditional Russian forces in the Soviet era not only hindered the progress of modernization, but more importantly, they distorted the direction of socialism and changed the essence of Soviet socialism. From a cultural point of view, the reason why the traditional strength of Russia is so powerful is that the motivation for economic development within the Russian society is not enough. Russia is not asking for advice on expanding abroad, that is, seeking political reform within the country, that is, employing man-made means to change relations of production. This is not the fundamental way to promote modernization. From Russia to the Soviet Union to Russia today, if we want to do a good job of modernization, the fundamental one is to eliminate all interference from traditional forces and do a solid job in economic and cultural development.