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一、问题提出中小企业贷款难在世界各个国家也是个普遍问题。目前,我国中小企业已超过800万家,中小型工业企业在全国工业总产值和实现利税中的比重分别为60%和40%左右,并提供了75%的城镇就业机会,特别是20世纪90年代以来,我国工业新增产值的76.7%是由中小企业创造的,中小企业已构成了我国经济的一个重要层面。与此相矛盾的是,占全国企业总数99%以上的中小企业占有的贷款资源不超过20%,其他融资方式几乎与中小企业无缘。这说明,对于正处于规模扩张时期的我国中小企业,融资难已经成为制约其发展的主要因素,这必将对我国的经济增长速度和质量带来不良影响。融资难是由于中小企业在信息、抵押和交易成本方面存在的弱势所决定的。因为中小企业资产规模小、贷款抵押率低,不确定性高、抗风险能力弱,贷款需求数量多而额度小、交易成本大,这些都将导致金融机构降低对其的融资意愿。
First, the issue that SME loans are difficult is also a common problem in all countries in the world. At present, there are more than 8 million SMEs in China. The proportion of SMEs in the country’s total industrial output value and profits and taxes is 60% and 40%, respectively, and 75% of urban employment opportunities have been provided, especially in the 20th century. Since the beginning of the decade, 76.7% of China’s industrial new output value was created by small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises have constituted an important aspect of China’s economy. In contradiction with this, SMEs that account for more than 99% of the total number of enterprises in the country have no more than 20% of the loan resources. Other financing methods are almost out of touch with SMEs. This shows that for small and medium-sized enterprises in China that are in the period of scale expansion, financing difficulties have become the main factor constraining their development, which will certainly have an adverse impact on China’s economic growth speed and quality. Financing difficulties are due to the weaknesses of SMEs in information, mortgage and transaction costs. Because small- and medium-sized enterprises have small assets, low loan collateral rates, high uncertainty, and weak anti-risk capabilities, the large number of loan requirements and the small amount of loans and transaction costs will lead financial institutions to reduce their willingness to raise funds.