序言宋朝外部先后受到辽、西夏、金的威胁,内部又积弊甚多,故内忧外患始终非常严重。但是,宋三百余年的历史是中国历代王朝中统治时间最长,社会、经济、文化及科技高度发达的时期。宋朝能够统治和发展三百余年的原因可从诸多角度寻找,其中受宋代士大夫爱国忧民意识影响较大的原因多被提及。但是根据所处情况,这种忧患意识所强调的重点亦有所不同。例如,南宋在其国土多被异民族所侵占的情况下,其忧虑的重心主要在外 Preface The external Song Dynasty has been Liao, Xixia, gold threat, internal and many disadvantages, so the internal and external problems have always been very serious. However, the history of the Song three hundred years is the longest period of dynastic rule in China and the highly developed social, economic, cultural and scientific period. The reason why the Sung dynasty ruled and developed for more than three hundred years can be looked at from many angles, among which the reasons that the Song dynasty scholar-officials greatly influenced the patriotic concern for the people were mentioned. However, according to the circumstances, the emphasis on this sense of urgency is different. For example, in the case of the South Song being heavily encroached upon by other nations, the main focus of its concern is outside