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16、17世纪,随着资本主义生产关系的发展,欧洲的工商业取得了巨大进步。特别是十七世纪的英国资产阶级革命,为资本主义时代科学技术的迅猛发展奠定了政治基础并开辟了广阔的道路。由于商品经济的迫切需要,导致了航海业的发达,这又推动了天文学的发展。到了18、19世纪,天文学研究的技术手段日益精密,出现了一系列重大的科学发明和发现,人们对宇宙观察和研究的视野越来越广阔,产生了天体物理学。至20世纪,天体物理学则成为天文学的主流。由于20世纪60年代以来航天技术的一系列重大突破,使人类能够到大气之外探测宇宙,人们能够对150亿光年的空间深度加以考察,并能追溯到50亿年前的宇宙
In the 16th and 17th centuries, with the development of capitalist relations of production, industrial and commercial development in Europe has made great progress. In particular, the seventeenth-century British bourgeois revolution laid the political foundation and opened a broad road for the rapid development of science and technology in the capitalist era. Due to the urgent need of the commodity economy, the development of the maritime industry has been promoted, which in turn has promoted the development of astronomy. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the technical means of astronomical research became increasingly sophisticated, and a series of major scientific inventions and discoveries emerged. People’s views on the observation and study of the universe became more and more extensive, resulting in astrophysics. In the 20th century, astrophysics became the mainstream of astronomy. Due to a series of major breakthroughs in aerospace technology since the 1960s, humans have been able to explore the universe beyond the atmosphere. People can examine the depth of space of 15 billion light years and can trace back to the universe of 5 billion years ago.