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在教学中慎重地运用恰当的比喻,可使所描述的事物生动形象。它能使抽象的概念和原理变得具体化;使事物的某一方面的特征更为突出,帮助学生理解事物,加深印象,从而收到较好的教学效果。但是,使用比喻应注意下面几点:①用来比喻的事物必须是学生所熟悉的;②比喻的和被比喻的事物必须有相似的特征;③运用比喻应注意思想性和科学上的严谨。比喻一般由本体(被比喻的事物)、喻体(用来做比喻的事物)和比喻词三个部分构成。下面的实例中,序号后面的第一段是课本里的一个内容,第二段是第一段内容的比喻,本体和喻体都很明显,故不一一赘述。1.分子很小。把一个水分子扩大一千万倍也只有一粒黄豆大。把一滴水放大到和地球一样大的体积,水的一个分子才和足球一样大。2.分子并不是静止地存在的,而总是在不断地运动着。在0℃时,如果氢分子以它的平均速度作直线运动,那么,每小时可以走从北京到广州距离的三倍的路程。3.气体分子间的空隙比分子本身大得多。如果在0℃和一个大气压下,把一个粉笔
The careful use of appropriate metaphors in teaching can make the things depicted vivid. It can make the abstract concepts and principles become concrete; make the characteristics of a certain aspect of things more prominent, help students understand things, deepen the impression, and thus receive better teaching results. However, the use of the metaphor should pay attention to the following points: 1 things used for figuration must be familiar to students; 2 figurative and metaphorical things must have similar characteristics; 3 use metaphors should pay attention to ideological and scientific rigor. The metaphor is generally composed of three parts: the body (the metaphor of things), the metaphor (the things used to make metaphors) and the metaphorical words. In the following example, the first paragraph after the serial number is a text in the textbook, and the second paragraph is the metaphor of the first paragraph. The ontology and the metaphor are obvious, so they are not repeated one by one. 1. The molecule is small. Expanding a water molecule 10 million times is only one soybean large. To magnify a drop of water into a volume as large as the earth, a molecule of water is just as big as a football. 2. The molecules do not exist statically, but they are constantly moving. At 0°C, if the hydrogen molecules move linearly at its average speed, then it can take three times the distance from Beijing to Guangzhou per hour. 3. The gap between gas molecules is much larger than the molecule itself. If you put a chalk at 0 °C and a pressure