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1992年度诺贝尔物理学奖授与在欧州核子研究中心(CERN)工作的法国物理学家夏帕克(GeorgeCharpak)。1959年起,夏帕克一直在 CERN 从事粒子径迹探测器的研究。他於60年代后期研制发明的多丝正比室,及随后发明的漂移室,目前已成为各高能物理研究中心必备的装置。研究高能粒子的行为有赖于各种粒子径迹探测器。30年代,计数管就已有广泛的应用。为获得大面积的探测系统,曾将许多根计数管分层排列组成“望远镜”。可确定入射粒子的路径和其他特性。但这种装置体积大,空间分辨率差。能否将计数管外壳去掉,制成一个外壳内含多根阳极丝,而有公共阴极的计数室呢?50年代曾有人尝试过,但由于错误地认为多根丝上的信号会相互干扰,无法确定入射粒子的位置。1968年,夏帕克提出完全不同的观点,他指出:在多丝结构的正比室中,基本作用是一根丝附近的气体放大作用。如果入射粒子由电离而形成气体放大,最后形
The 1992 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to George Charpak, a French physicist working at the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN). From 1959, Shap Park has been engaged in particle track detectors at CERN. His multi-filament proportional chamber, invented in the late 1960s and the subsequent discovery of the drift chamber, has now become a must-have for all high-energy physics research centers. The study of the behavior of energetic particles depends on various particle track detectors. In the 1930s, counter tubes had been widely used. In order to obtain a large area of the detection system, many root count tubes have been layered to form a “telescope.” The path and other characteristics of incident particles can be determined. However, this device is bulky and has poor spatial resolution. Could the shell of the counting tube be removed to make a housing containing multiple anode wires with a common cathode counter? Someone tried it in the 1950s but because of the false belief that signals on multiple wires would interfere with each other, Unable to determine the location of incident particles. In 1968, Shap Park made a completely different point of view. He pointed out: In a proportional chamber with multi-filament structure, the basic function is to amplify the gas near a filament. If the incident particles formed by ionization gas amplification, the final shape