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一、词汇过关
1. represent
【考纲释义】vt.代表;象征;描述
Our classmates want her to represent the class in the school contest. 我们班的同学想让她代表班级参加学校的竞赛。
This painting represents a hunting scene. 这张油画展现了打猎的情景。
【知识拓展】
represent oneself as / to be…自称是……represent sth. to sb. 阐述;表达represent sth. 代表;代理
2. approach
【考纲释义】vt. & vi. 接近;靠近;走进 n. 接近;方法;途径
As winter approaches, the weather becomes colder. 冬季来临时,天气更冷了。
We heard the approach of the train. 我们听见火车开过来了。
You must approach the bird very quietly or it will fly away. 你必须悄悄地走近那只鸟,否则它会飞走的。
When you learn a foreign language, the best approach is using it. 学外语最好的方法就是使用它。
【知识拓展】
at our approach 当我们接近时be easy of approach容易到达;容易接近with the approach of winter 随着冬季的来临make approaches to sb. 想亲近某人approach sb. about sth. 为某事同某人打交道approach sb. for information 向某人了解情况approach sb. with a suggestion 向某人建议
3. defend
【考纲释义】vt. 保护;保卫
We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. 不论代价多大,我们都将保卫我们的海岛。
He had a good lawyer to defend him. 他有一个好律师为他辩护。
【知识拓展】
defend sb. from…保护某人免受……
defend oneself against the enemy 防御敌人
4. likely
【考纲释义】adj. 很可能;有希望;合适的
John is likely to be in London this autumn. 今年秋天约翰可能在伦敦。
The park is a likely place for the picnic.这公园倒是个适合野餐的地方。
It is not likely that the Somali pirates will set free the sailors unconditionally.索马里海盗不可能无条件地释放海员。
One likely result of the heavy snow is the rising of the vegetable price.大雪的一个可能的结果就是菜价上涨。
【知识拓展】
likely常用于以下两种结构中:1) sb / sth. is likely to do sth.2) It is likely + that... 很可能……
【比较辨析】 likely, possible, probable
都含有“可能的”的意思,但也有差异:likely指从表面迹象来看很有可能。possible指由于有适当的条件和方法,某事可能发生或做到,强调“客观上有可能”, 但常含有“实际希望很小”的意思。probable语气比 possible强,“可能性”最大,指有根据、合乎情理、值得相信的事物,带有“大概、很可能”的意思。
5. curious
【考纲释义】 adj.好奇的
The boy is curious, and he is always asking questions. 这个孩子真好奇,总是不断地提问题。
Though she is curious about his past, she refrains from asking too many questions. 虽然她对他的过去很好奇,但她尽量避免问他过多的问题。
【知识拓展】 be curious about 对……充满好奇be curious to do sth很想做…… 渴望做…… curiosity n.好奇;好奇心out of curiosity 出于好奇
6. function
【考纲释义】 n. 功能;作用 vi. 运行,起作用
The function of the heart is to send blood round the body. 心脏的功能就是向全身输送血液。
I couldn’t ring you because the phone wasn’t functioning. 我没法给你打电话,因为电话机坏了。
Some English adverbs function as adjectives. 有些英语的副词起形容词的作用。
【知识拓展】 the leading function 主要功能 functionas 担任;起……作用
二、短语诠释
1. in general 一般地,大体上
People in general dislike being criticized. 人们一般不喜欢受批评。
His statement refers to people in general, not to anyone in particular. 他的发言泛指一般情况, 不是针对某一个人的。
【知识拓展】
generally speaking 一般而言in particular 特别的
2. on the contrary 相反地
You didn’t bother me. On the contrary, I like your company. 你没有打扰我,相反地,我喜欢有你作伴。
It doesn’t seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think it’s rather beautiful. 我觉得它并不丑, 恰恰相反, 它挺美。
【知识拓展】 be contrary to 违反;与……相反
3. even if 即使,尽管
Even if it should rain tomorrow, they will go for an outing. 纵使明天下雨, 他们也要去游览。
But your price is still on the high side even if taking quality into consideration. 就算考虑质量上的因素,你们的价格还是高。
【知识拓展】 even so 虽然如此
【比较辨析】 if与even if
if意为“如果;假设”,是一种普通的假设。even if 连在一起更多时候传达的是这种假设不是符合说话人意愿的,是一种比较糟糕的打算或是一种出乎意料的情况等。
4.lose face丢脸, 失去尊严
He’ll lose face if he does not keep his promise. 如果他不遵守诺言,他就会失去尊严。
The embarrassing situation caused me to lose face. 令人难堪的场合让我丢了面子。
【知识拓展】 lose weight减肥 lose one’s mind 发疯 lose one’s balance 失去平衡 lose one’sway 迷路 save face挽回面子make a face做鬼脸in face of 面对
5.at ease舒适;自由自在
I feel at ease with friends. 和朋友在一起我感到自在。
She knew that he was not at ease. 她知道他不自在。
【知识拓展】 set / put…at ease使安心 with ease (= easily)熟练地;轻而易举地
be (feel) ill at ease 局促不安, 心神不宁
put sb at his ease 使某人宽心; 使某人感到无拘无束
stand at ease 稍息
6. up and down 上上下下;前前后后;来来往往;处处
Children like bouncing up and down on a sofa.孩子们喜欢在沙发上蹦蹦跳跳。
The woman deliberately stops, looking her up and down, from head to toe. 这个女人故意站住,从头到脚打量了她一番。
With an elevator in the skyscraper, we can easily go up and down. 摩天楼里有电梯, 上下很方便。
【知识拓展】 back and forth 来来往往backwards and forwards前前后后to and fro来来往往here and there到处,处处
三、句式详解
1. Not all the cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable touching strangers or being too close or too far away. 不是所有人都以同样方式寒暄。接触陌生人时,距离太近或太远都会使他们不舒服。
nor are they...是倒装句,表示否定意义的状语或表语等位于句首时,句子通常采用倒装结构。此类的词还有never,not,seldom,neither等。例如:
I have never been to Beijing. Neither /Nor has my brother. 我从没有去过北京,我弟弟也没去过。
The meal didn’t cost much, nor was it very delicious. 这顿饭不太贵,也不太好吃。
I have no excuse for being late, nor does he. 我没有迟到的理由,他也没有。
此外,句子Not all the cultures greet each other the same way 为部分否定。not与一些具有完全意义的词如all,both,every,以及everything,everybody等连用时,表示部分否定。部分否定句,既可直接把否定词not 放在被否定词之前,也可用not 来否定谓语。如:
Not all birds can fly. 并不是所有的鸟都会飞。
Not both children are clever. 两个孩子并不都聪明。
I can’t catch everything in the book. 我没有完全掌握书中的内容。
All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。
如要表示全部否定,则用none,neither,no one,nobody,nothing,never等词。如:
None of the answers are / is right. 所有答案都不对。
2. None of these actions is either good or bad. They are simply the ways in which cultures have developed. 这些行为没有好坏之分。它们只是文化发展的不同方式而已。
in which cultures have developed为定语从句,用来修饰the ways。在定语从句中,way作先行词时,可以用in which, that 来引导定语从句,也可省略。例如:
I don’t like the way in which / that you talk to your parents. 我不喜欢你对父母说话的那种方式。
She was pleased with the way(in which)he apologized to her. 她对他向自己道歉的方式很满意。
3. In most countries, nodding the head up and down shows agreement, while shaking the head means you do not agree, or that you refuse to do something. 在大多数国家,点头表示同意;摇头则表示不同意,或不愿意去做某事。
这是一个并列句。while在本句中作“而;可是”解,表示两者的对比,是并列连词,所引导的不是时间状语从句,而是并列句。如: He went out for a walk, while I stayed at home.他出去散步了,而我却呆在家里。
I like singing while she likes dancing.我喜欢唱歌,而她喜欢跳舞。
You like sports, while I prefer music.你喜欢体育,而我更喜欢音乐。
1. represent
【考纲释义】vt.代表;象征;描述
Our classmates want her to represent the class in the school contest. 我们班的同学想让她代表班级参加学校的竞赛。
This painting represents a hunting scene. 这张油画展现了打猎的情景。
【知识拓展】
represent oneself as / to be…自称是……represent sth. to sb. 阐述;表达represent sth. 代表;代理
2. approach
【考纲释义】vt. & vi. 接近;靠近;走进 n. 接近;方法;途径
As winter approaches, the weather becomes colder. 冬季来临时,天气更冷了。
We heard the approach of the train. 我们听见火车开过来了。
You must approach the bird very quietly or it will fly away. 你必须悄悄地走近那只鸟,否则它会飞走的。
When you learn a foreign language, the best approach is using it. 学外语最好的方法就是使用它。
【知识拓展】
at our approach 当我们接近时be easy of approach容易到达;容易接近with the approach of winter 随着冬季的来临make approaches to sb. 想亲近某人approach sb. about sth. 为某事同某人打交道approach sb. for information 向某人了解情况approach sb. with a suggestion 向某人建议
3. defend
【考纲释义】vt. 保护;保卫
We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. 不论代价多大,我们都将保卫我们的海岛。
He had a good lawyer to defend him. 他有一个好律师为他辩护。
【知识拓展】
defend sb. from…保护某人免受……
defend oneself against the enemy 防御敌人
4. likely
【考纲释义】adj. 很可能;有希望;合适的
John is likely to be in London this autumn. 今年秋天约翰可能在伦敦。
The park is a likely place for the picnic.这公园倒是个适合野餐的地方。
It is not likely that the Somali pirates will set free the sailors unconditionally.索马里海盗不可能无条件地释放海员。
One likely result of the heavy snow is the rising of the vegetable price.大雪的一个可能的结果就是菜价上涨。
【知识拓展】
likely常用于以下两种结构中:1) sb / sth. is likely to do sth.2) It is likely + that... 很可能……
【比较辨析】 likely, possible, probable
都含有“可能的”的意思,但也有差异:likely指从表面迹象来看很有可能。possible指由于有适当的条件和方法,某事可能发生或做到,强调“客观上有可能”, 但常含有“实际希望很小”的意思。probable语气比 possible强,“可能性”最大,指有根据、合乎情理、值得相信的事物,带有“大概、很可能”的意思。
5. curious
【考纲释义】 adj.好奇的
The boy is curious, and he is always asking questions. 这个孩子真好奇,总是不断地提问题。
Though she is curious about his past, she refrains from asking too many questions. 虽然她对他的过去很好奇,但她尽量避免问他过多的问题。
【知识拓展】 be curious about 对……充满好奇be curious to do sth很想做…… 渴望做…… curiosity n.好奇;好奇心out of curiosity 出于好奇
6. function
【考纲释义】 n. 功能;作用 vi. 运行,起作用
The function of the heart is to send blood round the body. 心脏的功能就是向全身输送血液。
I couldn’t ring you because the phone wasn’t functioning. 我没法给你打电话,因为电话机坏了。
Some English adverbs function as adjectives. 有些英语的副词起形容词的作用。
【知识拓展】 the leading function 主要功能 functionas 担任;起……作用
二、短语诠释
1. in general 一般地,大体上
People in general dislike being criticized. 人们一般不喜欢受批评。
His statement refers to people in general, not to anyone in particular. 他的发言泛指一般情况, 不是针对某一个人的。
【知识拓展】
generally speaking 一般而言in particular 特别的
2. on the contrary 相反地
You didn’t bother me. On the contrary, I like your company. 你没有打扰我,相反地,我喜欢有你作伴。
It doesn’t seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think it’s rather beautiful. 我觉得它并不丑, 恰恰相反, 它挺美。
【知识拓展】 be contrary to 违反;与……相反
3. even if 即使,尽管
Even if it should rain tomorrow, they will go for an outing. 纵使明天下雨, 他们也要去游览。
But your price is still on the high side even if taking quality into consideration. 就算考虑质量上的因素,你们的价格还是高。
【知识拓展】 even so 虽然如此
【比较辨析】 if与even if
if意为“如果;假设”,是一种普通的假设。even if 连在一起更多时候传达的是这种假设不是符合说话人意愿的,是一种比较糟糕的打算或是一种出乎意料的情况等。
4.lose face丢脸, 失去尊严
He’ll lose face if he does not keep his promise. 如果他不遵守诺言,他就会失去尊严。
The embarrassing situation caused me to lose face. 令人难堪的场合让我丢了面子。
【知识拓展】 lose weight减肥 lose one’s mind 发疯 lose one’s balance 失去平衡 lose one’sway 迷路 save face挽回面子make a face做鬼脸in face of 面对
5.at ease舒适;自由自在
I feel at ease with friends. 和朋友在一起我感到自在。
She knew that he was not at ease. 她知道他不自在。
【知识拓展】 set / put…at ease使安心 with ease (= easily)熟练地;轻而易举地
be (feel) ill at ease 局促不安, 心神不宁
put sb at his ease 使某人宽心; 使某人感到无拘无束
stand at ease 稍息
6. up and down 上上下下;前前后后;来来往往;处处
Children like bouncing up and down on a sofa.孩子们喜欢在沙发上蹦蹦跳跳。
The woman deliberately stops, looking her up and down, from head to toe. 这个女人故意站住,从头到脚打量了她一番。
With an elevator in the skyscraper, we can easily go up and down. 摩天楼里有电梯, 上下很方便。
【知识拓展】 back and forth 来来往往backwards and forwards前前后后to and fro来来往往here and there到处,处处
三、句式详解
1. Not all the cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable touching strangers or being too close or too far away. 不是所有人都以同样方式寒暄。接触陌生人时,距离太近或太远都会使他们不舒服。
nor are they...是倒装句,表示否定意义的状语或表语等位于句首时,句子通常采用倒装结构。此类的词还有never,not,seldom,neither等。例如:
I have never been to Beijing. Neither /Nor has my brother. 我从没有去过北京,我弟弟也没去过。
The meal didn’t cost much, nor was it very delicious. 这顿饭不太贵,也不太好吃。
I have no excuse for being late, nor does he. 我没有迟到的理由,他也没有。
此外,句子Not all the cultures greet each other the same way 为部分否定。not与一些具有完全意义的词如all,both,every,以及everything,everybody等连用时,表示部分否定。部分否定句,既可直接把否定词not 放在被否定词之前,也可用not 来否定谓语。如:
Not all birds can fly. 并不是所有的鸟都会飞。
Not both children are clever. 两个孩子并不都聪明。
I can’t catch everything in the book. 我没有完全掌握书中的内容。
All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。
如要表示全部否定,则用none,neither,no one,nobody,nothing,never等词。如:
None of the answers are / is right. 所有答案都不对。
2. None of these actions is either good or bad. They are simply the ways in which cultures have developed. 这些行为没有好坏之分。它们只是文化发展的不同方式而已。
in which cultures have developed为定语从句,用来修饰the ways。在定语从句中,way作先行词时,可以用in which, that 来引导定语从句,也可省略。例如:
I don’t like the way in which / that you talk to your parents. 我不喜欢你对父母说话的那种方式。
She was pleased with the way(in which)he apologized to her. 她对他向自己道歉的方式很满意。
3. In most countries, nodding the head up and down shows agreement, while shaking the head means you do not agree, or that you refuse to do something. 在大多数国家,点头表示同意;摇头则表示不同意,或不愿意去做某事。
这是一个并列句。while在本句中作“而;可是”解,表示两者的对比,是并列连词,所引导的不是时间状语从句,而是并列句。如: He went out for a walk, while I stayed at home.他出去散步了,而我却呆在家里。
I like singing while she likes dancing.我喜欢唱歌,而她喜欢跳舞。
You like sports, while I prefer music.你喜欢体育,而我更喜欢音乐。