AIM:To determine patient and process of care factors associated with performance of timely laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis.METHODS:A retrospective medical record review of 88 consecutive patients with acute cholecystitis was conducted.Data collected included demographic data,co-morbidities,symptoms and physical findings at presentation,laboratory and radiological investigations,length of stay,complications,and admission service (medical or surgical).Patients not undergoing cholecystectomy during this hospitalization were excluded from analysis.Hierarchical generalized linear models were constructed to assess the association of pre-operative diagnostic procedures,presenting signs,and admitting service with time to surgery.RESULTS:Seventy cases met inclusion and exclusion criteria,among which 12 were admitted to the medical service and 58 to the surgical service.Mean±SD time to surgery was 39.3±43 h,with 87% of operations performed within 72 h of hospital arrival.In the adjusted models,longer time to surgery was associated with number of diagnostic studies and endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP,P=0.01) as well with admission to medical service without adjustment for ERCP (P＜0.05).Patients undergoing both magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and computed tomography (CT) scans experienced the longest waits for surgery.Patients admitted to the surgical versus medical service underwent surgery earlier (30.4±34.9 vs 82.7±55.1 h,P＜0.01),had less postoperative complications (12% vs 58%,P＜0.01),and shorter length of stay (4.3±3.4 vs 8.1±5.2 d,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION:Admission to the medical service and performance of numerous diagnostic procedures,ERCP,or MRCP combined with CT scan were associated with longer time to surgery.Expeditious performance of ERCP and MRCP and admission of medically stable patients with suspected cholecystitis to the surgical service to speed up time to surgery should be considered.