The performances of the cement-based materials can be improved by the incorporation of polypropylene fiber, but the damage processes become more complex with different fiber contents at the same time. The acoustic emission (AE) technology can achieve the global monitoring of internal damage in materials. The evolution process of failure mode and damage degree of polypropylene fiber reinforced mortar and concrete were analyzed by measuring the AE energy, RA value, AF value and b value. It was found that the cement matrix cracked on the initial stage, the cracks further developed on the medium stage and the fibers were pulled out on the last stage. The matrix cracked with minor injury cracks, but the fiber broke with serious damage cracks. The cumulative AE energy was proportional to the polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete and mortar\'s ductility. The damage mode and damage degree can be judged by identifying the damage stage obtained by the analysis of the AF value.