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目的 比较新生儿5微克(μg)重组乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(酿酒酵母)(Hepatitis B Vaccine Made by Recombinant Dexyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Techniques in Saccharomyces Cererisiae Yeast,HepB-SCY)初次免疫(初免)低应答者,使用不同种类、剂量和剂次HepB再免疫的血清学效果.方法 将HepB-SCY初免后低应答的[10毫国际单位/毫升(mIU/ml)＜抗乙肝病毒表面抗原抗体(Antibody to Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen,Anti-HBs)＜ 100 mIU/ml]7～12个月龄儿童随机分为2组,按照0、1、6个月免疫程序,分别用5μg HepB-SCY和10μg重组HepB-汉逊酵母(HepB Made by Recombinant DNA Technigues in Hansenula Polymorpha Yeast,HPY)进行再免疫,于再免疫1剂和3剂后1个月采集血标本,比较不同种类、剂量和剂次HepB再免疫后的血清Anti-HBs应答情况.结果 5μg HepB-SCY组和10μg HepB-HPY组1剂再免疫后,Anti-HBs阳转(≥100 mIU/ml)率分别为91.81％(258/281)和94.32％ (249/264),差异无统计学意义(x2=1.31,P=0.25)；3剂再免疫后,Anti-HBs阳转率分别为93.72％ (209/223)和98.54％ (203/206),差异有统计学意义(x2=6.53,P=0.01)；10μgHepB-HPY组3剂再免疫Anti-HBs阳转率高于1剂,差异有统计学意义(x2=5.60,P=0.02).5μg HepB-SCY组和10μg HepB-HPY组1剂再免疫后,Anti-HBs几何平均浓度(Geometric Mean Concentration,GMC)分别为581.85 mIU/ml[95％可信区间(Confidence Internal,CI) 505.13mIU/ml～670.19mIU/ml]和1099.77mIU/ml (95％ CI 935.19mIU/ml～1293.90mIU/ml);3剂再免疫后,分别为522.22mIU/ml(95％CI452.79mIU/ml～602.98mIU/ml)和1218.33mIU/ml(95％CI1046.89 mIU/ml～1417.15mIU/ml)；1剂和3剂再免疫10μg HepB-HPY组Anti-HBs GMC均高于5μg HepB-SCY组(U值分别为34.09和64.06,P值均为0.00).初免后Anti-HBs为10～49mIU/ml儿童,1剂和3剂再免疫后,Anti-HBs阳转率均低于初免Anti-HBs 50～99mIU/ml者,差异均有统计学意义(x2分别为21.81和6.62,P值分别为0.00和0.01).结论 5μg HepB-SCY初免低应答儿童使用HepB再免疫1剂后,＞90％可出现Anti-HBs阳转,使用10μg HepB-HPY再免疫后Anti-HBs GMC较高；再免疫阳转率与初免抗体水平有关.