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非谓语动词可大致分为3类:不定式、动名词和分词,分词又包括现在分词和过去分词。下面就学生在各种非谓语动词中的易犯错误做简要分析:
I. 不定式
(1)不注意时态
例:Five people were reported ______ in the accident.
A. to be killed B. to kill
C. killed D. to have been killed
要注意到不定式按动词发生时间不同而主要分成三种:一般式 to do 通常表达尚未发生的动作;进行式to be doing 通常表达正在发生的动作;完成式to have done通常表达已发生的动作。所以这道题动词发生时间从语境分析是属于已发生的,要用不定式的完成式,所以正确答案是D。
练习1 The party was very successful, but it’s a pity ______ you.
A. not to invite B. not to have invited
C. not invite D. to not have invited
(2)不注意语态
例: Will you lend him a magazine ______?
A. to be read B. for reading
C. to read D. he read
有些同学误认为杂志是被读的,所以选用不定式的被动形式A项,却忽视了“读”的逻辑主语就是前面的“他”,正如I have much homework to do 一样,所以正确答案是C。
练习2 The light bulb is said ______ by Edison.
A. to invent B. to be invented
C. to have invented D. to have been invented
(3)忽视某些固定用法
例: As a result of my laziness, I failed ______ the task on time.
A. and finished B. to finish
C. and finishing D. to finished
有些动词后只能加动词不定式作宾语,如want, continue, promise, intend, decide, expect, determine, manage, refuse, offer, demand, fail, afford, prepare, hope, hesitate, seem, desire等。此题中考查的是fail to do, 表示“没能做某事”。
练习3 Remind me ______ the medicine tomorrow.
A. of taking B. taking
C. to take D. take
II. 动名词
(1) 不注意所有格的用法
例:______ made them much disappointed.
A. His not coming back B. Not his coming back
C. He not to come back D. Not he come back
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,需用所有格的形式。此题中的动词come因作主语,故用动名词形式,又因coming有自己的逻辑主语he, 故用所有格形式his。
练习4 ______ is bad for his health.
A. Mike smoking B. Mike’s smoking
C. Mike’s being smoking D. Mike smokes
(2)否定词not放错位置
例:They failed to pass the exam last time. I regretted ______.
A. to be not able to help B. being unable to help
C. being not able to help D. not be able to help
其实所有的非谓语动词的否定形式都是直接在其前面加not,所以这道题乍看之下同学们会觉得B选项和C选项没有区别,因为unable本身就等于not able。其实C项的错误就在于否定词not放错了位置,它本应该在动名词being的前边。所以正确答案是B项。
练习5 Tony was very unhappy for ______ to the party.
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
(3)忽视某些固定用法
例: It’s no good ______ here. Let’s go home.
A. to wait B. waited
C. waiting D. being waited
一些同学会凭经验判断这是it作形式主语,所以用不定式作真正主语,选A,但是it作形式主语时有两个例外,就是It’s no good/use后只能接动名词作主语。所以这道题应该选C。还有一些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语,如mind, avoid, finish, enjoy, suggest, imagine, delay, escape, allow, permit, forbid, admit, feel like等;而且还有一些动词后面跟不定式或动名词都可以,只是意义不一样,如remember,forget,regret 后加动名词,表示这个动作已做过,而加不定式则表示还没做;stop doing 表示停止正在做的事,而stop to do 表示停下某事,去做另一件事;mean doing表“意味着”,而mean to do则表示“想要,打算”。
练习6 —Do you mind ______?
—Go ahead.
A. opening the door B. your opening the door
C. my opening the door D. I open the door
III. 分词
(1)不区分现在分词和过去分词
例: There came a big sound ______ the sudden collision of the two cars.
A. follow B. followed
C. following D. to be follow
做这道题首先要判断sound 和follow 之间是主动还是被动关系,因为现在分词的特点是表主动和进行;而过去分词的特点是表被动和完成,不难判断出声音随碰撞而发出属于主动,所以这道题选C。
练习7 The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A. carried out B. carrying out
C. carry out D. to carry out
(2)分不清分词的时态
例: ______ since the night before, I felt very unhappy.
A. Having not eaten anything
B. Not eating anything
C. I hadn’t eaten anything
D. Not having eaten anything
现在分词有一般式和完成式两种,一般式即doing,在时间上表示动作和句子中谓语动词同时发生;完成式即having done,在时间上先于谓语动词发生。所以此题并不是选B项,而是选D项。A项错在顺序上,Not应在having前,而C项干扰性也很强,可它是一个完整的句子,在两个完整的句子之间是需要连词衔接的。
练习8 ______ his dinner, he went to watch TV.
A. Have taken B. Having taken
C. Take D. To take
(3)不注意某些固定用法
例: ______ from his accent, he is from Sichuan.
A. Judged B. Judging
C. Being judged D. Judge
同学们容易选A项,因为后面的主语he是被判断者,所以选judge的过去分词。但Judging from 是独立分词,用以解释整个句子。所以应选B项。类似的短语还有generally speaking, supposing 等。
练习9 Though ______ money, the parents still sent their daughter to university.
A. lack
B. lacking
C. lacked
D. to lack
其实非谓语动词也没有多么复杂,只要平时多练习、多分析,有了错误及时总结教训,总是能学好的。正如英语中的这句话Practice makes perfect。
参考答案
1—5BDCBD 6—9CABB
编辑/梁宇清
I. 不定式
(1)不注意时态
例:Five people were reported ______ in the accident.
A. to be killed B. to kill
C. killed D. to have been killed
要注意到不定式按动词发生时间不同而主要分成三种:一般式 to do 通常表达尚未发生的动作;进行式to be doing 通常表达正在发生的动作;完成式to have done通常表达已发生的动作。所以这道题动词发生时间从语境分析是属于已发生的,要用不定式的完成式,所以正确答案是D。
练习1 The party was very successful, but it’s a pity ______ you.
A. not to invite B. not to have invited
C. not invite D. to not have invited
(2)不注意语态
例: Will you lend him a magazine ______?
A. to be read B. for reading
C. to read D. he read
有些同学误认为杂志是被读的,所以选用不定式的被动形式A项,却忽视了“读”的逻辑主语就是前面的“他”,正如I have much homework to do 一样,所以正确答案是C。
练习2 The light bulb is said ______ by Edison.
A. to invent B. to be invented
C. to have invented D. to have been invented
(3)忽视某些固定用法
例: As a result of my laziness, I failed ______ the task on time.
A. and finished B. to finish
C. and finishing D. to finished
有些动词后只能加动词不定式作宾语,如want, continue, promise, intend, decide, expect, determine, manage, refuse, offer, demand, fail, afford, prepare, hope, hesitate, seem, desire等。此题中考查的是fail to do, 表示“没能做某事”。
练习3 Remind me ______ the medicine tomorrow.
A. of taking B. taking
C. to take D. take
II. 动名词
(1) 不注意所有格的用法
例:______ made them much disappointed.
A. His not coming back B. Not his coming back
C. He not to come back D. Not he come back
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,需用所有格的形式。此题中的动词come因作主语,故用动名词形式,又因coming有自己的逻辑主语he, 故用所有格形式his。
练习4 ______ is bad for his health.
A. Mike smoking B. Mike’s smoking
C. Mike’s being smoking D. Mike smokes
(2)否定词not放错位置
例:They failed to pass the exam last time. I regretted ______.
A. to be not able to help B. being unable to help
C. being not able to help D. not be able to help
其实所有的非谓语动词的否定形式都是直接在其前面加not,所以这道题乍看之下同学们会觉得B选项和C选项没有区别,因为unable本身就等于not able。其实C项的错误就在于否定词not放错了位置,它本应该在动名词being的前边。所以正确答案是B项。
练习5 Tony was very unhappy for ______ to the party.
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
(3)忽视某些固定用法
例: It’s no good ______ here. Let’s go home.
A. to wait B. waited
C. waiting D. being waited
一些同学会凭经验判断这是it作形式主语,所以用不定式作真正主语,选A,但是it作形式主语时有两个例外,就是It’s no good/use后只能接动名词作主语。所以这道题应该选C。还有一些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语,如mind, avoid, finish, enjoy, suggest, imagine, delay, escape, allow, permit, forbid, admit, feel like等;而且还有一些动词后面跟不定式或动名词都可以,只是意义不一样,如remember,forget,regret 后加动名词,表示这个动作已做过,而加不定式则表示还没做;stop doing 表示停止正在做的事,而stop to do 表示停下某事,去做另一件事;mean doing表“意味着”,而mean to do则表示“想要,打算”。
练习6 —Do you mind ______?
—Go ahead.
A. opening the door B. your opening the door
C. my opening the door D. I open the door
III. 分词
(1)不区分现在分词和过去分词
例: There came a big sound ______ the sudden collision of the two cars.
A. follow B. followed
C. following D. to be follow
做这道题首先要判断sound 和follow 之间是主动还是被动关系,因为现在分词的特点是表主动和进行;而过去分词的特点是表被动和完成,不难判断出声音随碰撞而发出属于主动,所以这道题选C。
练习7 The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A. carried out B. carrying out
C. carry out D. to carry out
(2)分不清分词的时态
例: ______ since the night before, I felt very unhappy.
A. Having not eaten anything
B. Not eating anything
C. I hadn’t eaten anything
D. Not having eaten anything
现在分词有一般式和完成式两种,一般式即doing,在时间上表示动作和句子中谓语动词同时发生;完成式即having done,在时间上先于谓语动词发生。所以此题并不是选B项,而是选D项。A项错在顺序上,Not应在having前,而C项干扰性也很强,可它是一个完整的句子,在两个完整的句子之间是需要连词衔接的。
练习8 ______ his dinner, he went to watch TV.
A. Have taken B. Having taken
C. Take D. To take
(3)不注意某些固定用法
例: ______ from his accent, he is from Sichuan.
A. Judged B. Judging
C. Being judged D. Judge
同学们容易选A项,因为后面的主语he是被判断者,所以选judge的过去分词。但Judging from 是独立分词,用以解释整个句子。所以应选B项。类似的短语还有generally speaking, supposing 等。
练习9 Though ______ money, the parents still sent their daughter to university.
A. lack
B. lacking
C. lacked
D. to lack
其实非谓语动词也没有多么复杂,只要平时多练习、多分析,有了错误及时总结教训,总是能学好的。正如英语中的这句话Practice makes perfect。
参考答案
1—5BDCBD 6—9CABB
编辑/梁宇清