［题注］当一位叙述者、歌手，或者乐手开始表演，他不仅是在说出词语，唱出唱词，或是 演奏乐曲。表演行为本身就在告诉听众，他是“如何”在诠释词语、唱词或者乐曲。他在以某些 特定的方式指引听众理解他的表演。在选取自鲍曼的著作《表演中的词语艺术》中的这个片断， 鲍曼探衬了表演者是以何种方式提示听众注意他的特殊讲述方式的。鲍曼描述了若干“表演的钥 匙，以及理解交流信号的方式，这很有点像我们将收音机或者电视调试到某个特定的频道上，以 清晰地接收节目。这些胡匙中就有“特株符码”，例如典型的语言形态（古老语体、方言等），“特 定的程式”或者某些特定词组的重复；“修饰性语言”如隐喻或者谚语等；词语或者诗句的“平行 式”；以及“向传统挂靠”，例如史诗歌手在吟唱中试图与尽可能高的权威建立关联，以使得他的 演唱与从过去持续发展着的传统建立隶属的关系。鲍曼举述的样例应当有较大的拓展，以契合我 们在全世界范目内发现的海量的文类和样式，但是其基本的原则是确实的：表演的行为本身具有 丰宙的涵义。 — —约翰·迈尔斯·弗里（John Miles Foley） [Note] When a narrator, singer, or musician begins to perform, he is not only speaking words, singing lyrics, or playing music. The act of acting itself is telling the audience how he “interprets” words, songs, or compositions. He is guiding the audience to understand his performance in some specific ways. In this piece taken from Bowman’s book The Word Art in Performance, Bowman interrogates how the performer prompts the audience to pay attention to his particular narrative. Bowman described a number of “keys to acting and understanding how signals are exchanged, which is a bit like having our radio or TV tuned to a particular channel for a clear reception of the program.” Such as a typical language form (ancient style, dialect, etc.), “a specific program” or a repetition of certain specific phrases; “modifier language” such as metaphor or proverb; “parallelism” of a word or poem, ; And “anchoring to the tradition,” such as the epic singer trying to associate with the highest possible authority in chanting so that his singing may establish subordination to the tradition that has evolved from the past. Great expansion to fit in with the vast variety of genres and styles that we find throughout the world, but its underlying principle is true: the act of performance itself has the meaning of the heavens .-- John Myers, John Miles Foley