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18世纪意大利的历史学家詹巴蒂斯塔·维科(Giambattista Vico,1668—1744)在其划时代的著作《新科学》(Scienza nuova,1725)中渗入了进化精神和运动守恒原理,提出人类社会经历着从产生到灭亡的渐进过程,人类历史则由一系列周而复始的螺旋式循环构成;人类历史的“过程和再过程”是“神的时代”、“英雄时代”、“人的时代”和“野蛮时代”。《新科学》的4个时代被象征性地重构于《为
The 18th century Italian historian Giambattista Vico (1668-1744) infiltrated the principle of evolution and movement conservation in his epic book Scienza nuova (1725) The society goes through a gradual process from birth to perish, and human history consists of a series of spiral cycles that go back and forth. The “process and re-process” of human history is the “age of God” and “the heroic age” , “The Age of Man” and “The Brutal Age.” The four epochs of “New Science” are symbolically reconstructed in "For