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稀土作为重要的战略资源,其在绿色经济发展过程中变得越来越重要。由于其光电磁方面的特性,被广泛应用到各种功能材料中。因为经济的、可开采的稀土矿逐渐减少,许多国家开始从稀土产品废弃物中回收稀土。每年永久磁铁、荧光粉、可充电电池这3种稀土产品生产消耗的稀土占所有稀土用量的80%,这些产品使用前后会有大量的废弃物产生,而这些废弃物是重要的二次稀土资源。但到2011年为止实际上回收的稀土元素仍少于1%,然而却造成严重的环境负荷,其主要原因在于回收效率低、回收技术限制,特别是缺乏鼓励性的措施。基于该情况,本文较系统地综述了废弃物中回收稀土的方法与电渣精炼、湿法浸出、溶剂与金属液体重熔萃取法等冶炼技术,讨论了各种稀土回收技术所面临的挑战,分析了稀土元素回收中其生命周期循环的可能性,并对目前稀土回收的技术前景进行了展望。
As an important strategic resource, rare earths have become more and more important in the development of green economy. Due to its photoelectromagnetic properties, it is widely used in various functional materials. Because of the economic, recoverable rare earth mine is gradually reduced, many countries began to recover rare earth products from rare earths. Each year the permanent magnets, phosphors, rechargeable batteries, rare earth production of these three kinds of RE accounted for 80% of the total amount of rare earth, the use of these products before and after there will be a lot of waste generated, and these wastes is an important secondary rare earth resources . However, the actual amount of rare earth elements recovered by 2011 is still less than 1%, but it causes serious environmental impact mainly due to the low recovery efficiency, the technical limitations of recovery, and in particular the lack of encouraging measures. Based on this situation, this paper systematically reviewed the methods of recycling rare earth waste recycling and electroslag refining, wet leaching, solvent and metal liquid remelting smelting and other smelting techniques, discussed the various rare earth recycling technology challenges, The possibility of recycling the life cycle of rare earth elements was analyzed. The prospect of current rare earth recycling technology was also forecasted.