任何学科都是由材料和理论而形成的一个辩证整体,两者既对立又结合,既分离又统一。历史学亦然。历史材料不断有新发见、新积累,历史观念不断在变革、在更新;所以历史就不断在重写。历史事实一旦成为过去,就是固定不变的了;但对它的研究和解释却不断在革新。材料的新发见,不仅是简单地指发见了新的材料,而且更多地是指用新的观念去研究原有的旧材料,于是旧材料就转化为新材料,被赋予了新的内容和意义。理论首先是时代的产物(而非材料的产物),是随 Any subject is a dialectical whole formed by materials and theories. Both of them are antagonistic and united, separated and unified. The same is true of history. There are new historical materials, new accumulations and new historical concepts. They are constantly changing and are being updated; therefore, history is continuously being rewritten. Historical facts, once they have become the past, are immutable; but their research and explanation are constantly being renovated. New developments in materials not only refer to the discovery of new materials, but more to new concepts in the study of old materials, which then transform old materials into new materials and are given new Content and meaning. Theory first is the product of the times (rather than the product of material), is with