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一、市场调节与财政—货币政策调节 随着我国社会主义市场经济体制目标模式的确立,国家的宏观经济管理将面临着根本性转变。过去那种以计划经济为基础的直接调控方式,必须转变为以市场经济为基础的间接调控方式。而在这种新的体制之下,财政政策和货币政策将历史地承担起国家间接调控的重任。 需要强调的是,在市场经济不断发展的情况下,国家宏观调节职能不是被削弱,而是加强了。因为各国经验表明,即使是完全的市场经济,国家也需要通过一些工具对宏观经济进行调节。特别是我国实行社会主义制度,市场作为一种经济运行方式,并不能完全解决反映我国政治经济制度特征的全部问题。从经济的角度是,至少有两方面问题是市场机制难以解决的:第一方面的问题是国民经济的总量平衡。从微观看,市场这只“看不见的手”可以随时调节某种商品的供求关系,从而使其达到均衡状态。但是从宏观的角度看,单纯依靠市场的力量达到总供求平衡是不可能的。西方国家三十年代大萧条及其“萨伊定律”的破产充分说明了这一点。特
I. Market Regulation and Fiscal-Monetary Policy Adjustment With the establishment of the target model of the socialist market economic system in our country, the country’s macroeconomic management will face a fundamental shift. The past direct control and regulation based on a planned economy must be transformed into an indirect regulation and control based on a market economy. Under this new system, fiscal policy and monetary policy will historically shoulder the heavy burden of indirect state control. What needs to be emphasized is that with the continuous development of the market economy, the national macro-control function has not been weakened, but strengthened. Because the experience of various countries shows that even a complete market economy, the state also needs some tools to adjust the macro-economy. In particular, the implementation of the socialist system in our country and the market as a mode of economic operation do not completely solve all the problems that reflect the characteristics of China’s political and economic system. From an economic point of view, at least two aspects of the problem are unmanageable by the market mechanism: the first issue is the total balance of the national economy. From a microcosmic point of view, the “invisible hand” of the market can adjust the supply and demand of a certain commodity at any time so that it reaches a state of equilibrium. However, from a macro perspective, it is impossible to achieve a balance between aggregate supply and demand simply by relying on market forces. This is fully illustrated by the bankruptcy of the Great Depression of the 1930s in the West and its “Say’s Law.” special