1.引言近代新技术的不断发展对电子数字计算机的性能提出了越来越高的要求。新型的电子计算机不但要求能进行每秒几十万次、甚至几百万次的运算,而且要求计算机的操作具有高度的可靠性。近几年来,由于在计算机中逐渐采用了可靠的固态元件及先进的工艺技术,与早 1. Introduction The continuous development of new modern technologies has raised the demand for the performance of electronic digital computers. The new electronic computer not only requires hundreds of thousands of times per second, or even millions of operations, but also requires a high degree of operational reliability of the computer. In recent years, due to the gradual adoption of solid state-of-the-art components and advanced process technology in computers,