Recipients of solid organ transplants(SOT) and stem cell transplants(SCT) constitute a group of patients at risk for tuberculosis(TB) development. The prevalence of active TB in patients undergoing SOT is higher than in patients undergoing SCT, probably due to the shorter period of immunosuppression in the latter. We reviewed the importance of SCT in individuals with hematological malignancies. Most TB cases occur in transplant patients by reactivation of latent infection after immunosuppression, most often within the first year after transplant, leading to graft loss and in some cases, death. Relevant variables to assess the risk of TB infection in a transplant recipient include the donor’s and recipient’s medical histories, imaging results, microbiology and tuberculin skin test(TST) and interferon-gamma release assays(IGRA). TST is routinely performed in the donor and recipient before transplantation. If TST is > 5 mm in the recipient or > 10 mm in the donor, it is necessary to exclude active TB(pulmonary and renal). Chemopro-phylaxis is recommended in TST(+) recipients and in recipients with recent seroconversion, in donors with a history of untreated TB or in contact with an individual with active TB, if radiological images are suspicious and the IGRA is(+). The drug of choice is isoniazid. These topics are herewith reviewed. Recipients of solid organ transplants (SOT) and stem cell transplants (SCT) constitute a group of patients at risk for tuberculosis (TB) development. The prevalence of active TB in patients undergoing SOT is higher than in patients undergoing SCT, probably due to the We reviewed the importance of SCT in individuals with hematological malignancies. Most TB cases occur in transplant patients by reactivation of latent infection after immunosuppression, most often within the first year after transplant, leading to graft loss and in some cases, death. Relevant variables to assess the risk of TB infection in a donor’s and recipient’s medical histories, imaging results, microbiology and tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA). TST is routinely performed in the donor and recipient before transplantation. If TST is> 5 mm in the recipient or> 10 mm in the donor, it is necessary to exclu deactivated TB (pulmonary and renal). Chemopro-phylaxis is recommended in TST (+) recipients and in recipients with recent seroconversion, in donors with a history of untreated TB or in contact with an individual with active TB, if radiological images are suspicious and the IGRA is (+). The drug of choice is isoniazid. These topics are herewith reviewed.