近十年来曾国藩洋务思想和洋务活动研究概述成晓军曾国藩是洋务运动的首倡者。他在初期洋务运动中对设厂制造、培养人才、创建水师、对外交涉等许多方面提出的比较系统的理论和纲领，为后来洋务运动的深入进行提供了基本方针、路线和政策。然而，与对整个洋务运动研究的争... Overview of Zeng Guofan’s Westernization Thought and Westernization Activities in the Past Decade Cheng Xiaojun Zeng Guofan is the initiator of the Westernization Movement. In the early stage of the Westernization Movement, he put forward more systematic theories and programs on many aspects such as establishing manufacturing factories, training qualified personnel, creating naval architectures, and negotiating with foreign countries. This provided the basic guidelines, routes and policies for the further development of the Westernization Movement. However, the debate with the entire Westernization Movement ...