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制度失灵的问题应当引起我们的高度重视,然而,关于制度失灵的一些基础理论问题还没有被深入探讨。制度失灵是对制度执行偏差、制度执行走样以及其他一切妨碍、违背甚至损害制度目标实现的所有制度执行行为的理论统称,由制度失灵主体、行为、后果三个要素构成。制度失灵的特点主要有:目标的偏离性、内容的异变性、行为的隐蔽性、执行的相关性、主客观结合性。根据制度失灵的原因和程度的不同,可以把制度失灵划分为不同的类型。制度失灵的现实表现形式是多样的,对它的评价标准应当是多元的。
The problem of system failure should arouse our attention. However, some basic theoretical issues about system failure have not been discussed in depth. Institutional failure is the theoretical generalization of the systematic implementation of deviations in the system, the implementation of the system, and everything else that hinder, violate or even impair the realization of institutional goals. It consists of three elements: the main body of the system failure, the actions and the consequences. The main features of the system failure are: the deviation of the target, the content of the mutation, the covert behavior, the implementation of the relevant, subjective and objective combination. According to the reasons and degree of system failure, the system failure can be divided into different types. The actual manifestations of institutional failure are diverse, and its evaluation criteria should be diverse.