1968年以前,匈牙利党政不分的现象较为严重,各级党组织在单位内部处于绝对的领导地位。在企业里,不管任何巨细事务,均由党委书记代表党委“一槌定音”。1968年,匈牙利对旧的经济管理体制进行了改革,强调匈牙利社会主义工人党是全国执政党,党的中央委员会对全国政治、经济生活起着不容忽视的领导作用。全国重大方针、政策必须经过党中央讨论批准后才能付诸实施。但在企业中,政府则规定实行厂长(经理)负责制。厂长(经理)具有法人的地位,他们“对本企业的整个活动负有法律、物质和道义上的全部责任”。党组织(基层党委)无论何时何地都不能取代经济机构的直按领 Before 1968, the phenomenon of party and government in Hungary was rather serious, and the party organizations at all levels were in absolute leadership within the unit. In the enterprise, regardless of any size matters, the party secretary appoints the party committee as “a hammer.” In 1968, Hungary carried out reforms on the old economic management system, emphasizing that the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party is the ruling party nationwide and that the Central Committee of the Party plays a leading role that can not be ignored in the political and economic life of the country. The major national guidelines and policies must be discussed and approved by the Party Central Committee before they can be implemented. However, in enterprises, the government provides that the director (manager) system should be implemented. The director (manager) has the status of a legal person who “assumes full legal, material and moral responsibility for the entire activity of the enterprise.” Party organizations (grassroots party committees) can not replace the direct press collar of economic institutions no matter when and where they are