【目的】本文以烤烟K326为材料,探讨了在不同叶龄时期有机肥与化肥在烟叶气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光特性、叶绿素含量及叶绿体超微结构等方面的差异,以期从光能利用(宏观)及叶绿体超微结构(微观)方面,揭示两种肥料配比对烟叶光合作用的影响机制,同时为探索烟叶高产优质栽培模式提供理论依据。【方法】以蛭石为栽培基质进行盆栽试验。设施用烤烟专用有机肥(N∶P2O5∶K2O为9∶9∶10,有机质≥70%,中、微量元素≥12%)和施用普通尿素两个处理。烟草为工厂化无毒育秧苗,叶龄(叶龄从叶片长约2 cm时算起)15天、30天、45天、60天和75天取样或测定自上而下第6~8片叶。用Li-6400(美国)便携式光合仪测定烟叶的净光合速率,蒸腾作用与气孔导度。使用M系列调制叶绿素荧光成像系统Maxi-Imaging-PAM(德国)测定叶绿素荧光参数。用C-7000透射电子显微镜观测叶绿体超微结构并拍照,用软件Auto CAD 2004计算淀粉颗粒在叶绿体中所占的相对面积比Ra,叶绿体基粒片层的统计方法据Goodenough等改进的Teichler-Zallen法。【结果】有机肥对烟叶叶绿素含量及光合速率的影响显著,在叶龄60天时,其叶绿素含量比普通化肥高136.1%;在叶龄75天时,其烟叶净光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率分别比普通化肥处理高135.3%、84.5%和51.3%,叶绿素荧光参数Y[Ⅱ]和q L分别比普通化肥处理高22.2%和39.5%,Fv/Fm在叶龄60天时比普通化肥处理高18.7%,而NPQ值在叶龄45天时普通化肥比有机肥处理高23.3%。叶绿体内孕育的淀粉粒随叶龄的增加而逐渐膨大,期间伴随着淀粉粒在叶绿体中所占的面积比例(Ra值)越来越大,两处理Ra值差异明显,尤其是在叶龄45天时,化肥栽培下的烟叶Ra值比有机肥栽培高31.8%。有机肥处理的叶绿体呈梭形,长宽比大,而普通化肥种植的叶绿体形态近圆形,长宽比小。【结论】施用有机肥可显著提高烟叶叶绿素含量及光合速率,且随叶龄的增加,有机肥的作用效果日趋明显。叶绿素荧光参数的差异表明,增施生物有机肥可延缓烟株衰老、提高烟叶光能利用效率。两种施肥方式下,淀粉颗粒Ra值的差异不能说明施用化肥可提高烟叶合成淀粉的能力。与普通化肥处理下的烟叶相比,有机肥可显著提高叶绿体基粒垛叠数大于10的片层占基粒垛叠片层总数的百分比。 【Objective】 The objective of this study was to investigate the differences of gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content, chlorophyll content and chloroplast ultrastructure between organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer at different leaves ages in flue-cured tobacco (K326) ) And chloroplast ultrastructure (microscopic), reveals the two fertilizer ratio on the photosynthesis mechanism of tobacco leaves, and to provide a theoretical basis for exploring high yield and quality of tobacco cultivation patterns. 【Method】 Vermiculite was used as the culture medium for pot experiment. Facilities with organic fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco (N: P2O5: K2O 9:9:10, organic matter ≥ 70%, medium and trace elements ≥ 12%) and the application of two ordinary urea treatment. Tobacco plant for the non-toxic seedlings, leaf age (leaf age from the leaves about 2 cm in length) 15 days, 30 days, 45 days, 60 days and 75 days sampling or determination from top to bottom 6 to 8 leaf. The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration and stomatal conductance of tobacco were measured with Li-6400 (USA) portable photosynthesis system. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were determined using the M series modulated chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system Maxi-Imaging-PAM (Germany). The ultrastructure of chloroplast was observed with C-7000 transmission electron microscope and photographed. The relative area ratio of starch granule in chloroplast was calculated by software Auto CAD 2004. The statistical method of chloroplast grana was improved by Teichler-Zallen law. 【Result】 The results showed that organic manure had a significant effect on chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of tobacco leaves. Chlorophyll content was 136.1% higher than common fertilizer at 60 days of leaf age. At 75 days of leaf age, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate Which were 135.3%, 84.5% and 51.3% higher than those of common fertilizer respectively. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Y [Ⅱ] and q L were 22.2% and 39.5% higher than those of common fertilizer respectively. The Fv / Fm was higher 18.7%, while the NPQ value of 45 days in the leaves of ordinary fertilizer 23.3% higher than the organic fertilizer treatment. Starch grains in chloroplast grew gradually with the increase of leaf age, accompanied by an increasing proportion of starch grains in the chloroplast (Ra value), the difference of Ra value was obvious between the two treatments, especially in the leaf age 45 The days when the fertilizer under cultivation of tobacco Ra value higher than the organic fertilizer cultivation 31.8%. The organic chloroplasts were fusiform in shape and had a large aspect ratio, while the chloroplast formed by common chemical fertilizers was nearly circular with a small aspect ratio. 【Conclusion】 The application of organic fertilizer can significantly increase the leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, and with the increase of leaf age, the effect of organic manure is increasingly evident. The difference of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters indicated that the application of bio-organic fertilizer could delay the senescence of tobacco plants and increase the utilization efficiency of light energy of tobacco leaves. Under the two fertilization methods, the difference of Ra value of starch granules does not indicate that the application of fertilizer can improve the ability of tobacco to synthesize starch. Organic fertilizers significantly increased the percentage of chloroplast-based kernel stacks greater than 10 as a percentage of the total number of base-stack stacks compared to tobacco leaves treated with conventional fertilizer.