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在历年各地的高考试卷的多项选择题中,定语从句几乎是必考点。本文试图从一个全新的角度来给同学们总结一种有效的定语从句题的解题法:“两步法”:
第一步:确定是否为定语从句
只有确定某一个题为定语从句题,我们才能用定语从句的知识来正确解答该题。定语从句的验证可分为两步:
(一)、确定是从句还是分句
定语从句,顾名思义,是一个不独立的句子,必须依附于一个主句,否则其存在就没有意义。在高考多项选择题中,确定缺词部分是从句还是独立的分句通常就是我们作出正确选择的关键。例如:
Some pre-school children go to a day care center,_______ they learn simple games and songs.(2007辽宁)
A. then B. there C. while D. where
答对此题的关键,就是确定空白处是选B还是D。首先,我们要知道逗号前面是一个分句,如果选B,固然可以使逗号后面的部分的意思和整个结构变得完整,但它同时也带来了一个问题,那就是:逗号前后的两个独立的分句之间缺少起连接作用的连词,这是不符合规范的英语的要求的。如果选D,此问题即可迎刃而解,因为where引导的是一个修饰主句中的宾语“day care center”的非限制性定语从句。
【现学现用】
They will fly to Washington,____ they plan to stay for two or three days.(2008重庆)
A. where B. there C. which D. when
The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control. (2008湖南)
A. most of them B. most of which
C. most of what D. most of that
The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _____ was more than we could expect. (2008全国II)
A. it B. what C. which D. that
【答案解析】
第一题选A而不选B。此题逗号后面需要的是从句而不是一个分句。第二题选B而不选A。如果选A,我们就必须在most of them前面加一个连词and,这样,逗号前后的两个分句才能“相安无事”。第三题选C而不选A。逗号后面是which引导的定语从句,which替代前面的一整句话。
(二) 确定是否为定语从句
1. 定语从句的基本属性
根据其在句子中所起的语法功能,从句的家族成员包括名词性从句,形容词性从句和副词性从句。这里的形容词性从句就是定语从句,在句子中作定语修饰前面的先行词,先行词可以是名词、代词或名词、代词短语,还可以是主句的一个部分,有时甚至是整个句子。
判断一个从句是否为定语从句有两项指标:(1)必须有先行词。没有先行词,定语从句就不可能存在;(2)先行词以及替代先行词的关系代词或关系副词必须在定语从句中充当某种成分(主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语)。通过验证这两项指标,我们就可以在解答定语从句题时做到“拔开云雾”而“终见彩虹”。
2. 定语从句与其他句式的辨析
①与名词性从句
You can only be sure of_____ you have at present;you cannot be sure of something ______ you might get in the future.(2007安徽)
A. that; what B. what; (不填)
C. which;that D. (不填);that
此题的两个空的上下文无论是结构还是意思都很相似,最大的不同就是第二个空前多了一个something。第一个空前面是一个介词,没有先行词,所以所缺的词引导的从句就不是定语从句,而是作of的宾语的名词性从句;第二个空前面的something在从句里作get的宾语,因此所缺词引导的是一个定语从句,因为作宾语所以可以省略掉。故此题的正确答案为B。
The fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.(2009江西)
A. whatB. which C. that D. though
学生看到名词fact(事实)很容易想当然地认为后面空缺的词引导的是定语从句,再加上which比that先进入视线,因此B就成了他们的答案。事实上,从句中既不缺主语,也不缺宾语,所以它不可能是定语从句,而是同位语从句。其实,除了fact之外,idea,news,hope,belief,doubt,thought,possibility,request,problem,question,chance等词后经常会带有that,when,how,whether等引导的同位语从句,来补充说明它们的内容。这些词以及引导词在从句中不作任何成分,这也是它们与that引导的定语从句的区别。本题正确答案为C。
【现学现用】
Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ________ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江)
A. what B. thatC. whichD. one
We should consider the students’ request __________ the school library provide more books on popular science.(2009重庆)
A. thatB. when C. which D. where
【答案解析】
以上两题的答案均为A。第一题空缺词前面的介词from很容易让人顺口念出定语从句中常有的形式from which而错选C。如果稍加分析,可见这个“定语从句”根本就没有先行词,因此不可能是定语从句,而是宾语从句,空缺词需要表达“所……的语言”,所以选A。第二题中的request在从句中不充当任何成分,因此是同位语从句,故选择that。
②与状语从句
定语从句与状语从句的连接词都有where和when,在定语从句中,这两个词还可以用相应的“介词(in,at,on) + which”替换,在状语从句中则不行。例如:
— Mom,what did the doctor say?
— He advised me to live______ the air is fresher. ( 2006四川)
A. in where B. in which
C. the place where D. where
本题空缺词引导的是地点状语从句,不是定语从句(没有先行词),因此不能选B,应选择D。
【现学现用】
If you are traveling _______ the customs are really foreign to your own,please do as the Romans do. ( 2006天津)
A. in whichB. whatC. whenD. where
Mozart’s birthplace and the house ______ he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now.(2009上海)
A. where B. when C. there D. which
【答案解析】
以上两题的答案分别是D、A。虽然都是选where,但第一题里的where引导的是状语从句而在第二题里引导的是定语从句。
③与强调句
强调句的基本结构是:It + be(is / was)+ 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子的其余部分。因为定语从句的引导词也有that和who,因而强调句与定语从句经常互相干扰。例如:
— Where did you get to know her?
— It was on the farm _______ we worked. (2007山东)
A. thatB. thereC.which D. where
第二句话似乎具备标准的定语从句的框架:it was + on the farm + that + we worked,而且按照强调句的检测标准,去掉it was和that之后,句子的剩余部分依旧是一个完整的句子。不过,问题就出在翻译上:“我们是在农场上干活。”与上面的问题完全是“风马牛不相及”。因此第二句不能被处理为强调句,而应该是定语从句,选择D,这样就构成了一个完整的对话:
— 你是在哪儿认识她的?
— 在我工作的农场上。
第二步:确定用什么关系词
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,用什么关系词主要看它在从句中所作的成分。如果作主语、宾语、表语和定语,用关系代词,如:which,that,who,whom,whose,as;如果作状语就用关系副词,如when,where,why。除了关系代词和关系副词之间的取舍外,两个关系代词或两个关系副词之间的抉择也是常见的考查方式。以下是近几年的“热门”考点:
(一)关系代词
1. 单个关系代词
My friend showed me round the town,______ was very kind of him.(2009全国II)
A. which B. that
C. where D. it
本题考查的是that和which的两个较大的区别:which能引导非限制性定语从句而that不能;which可以替代前面的一整句话而that不能。此题选择A而不选B。
I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day,_____ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin. (2009天津)
A. asB. which C. when D. though
as和which都能替代前面的一整句话,但which通常不用在这种倒装结构中。另外,as用于此用法时,常可翻译为“正如……”、“就像……”等,这也是判定选as而不选which的又一标志。本题选A。
2. 介词和关系代词的组合
①介词 + 关系代词
Gun control is a subject _____ Americans have argued for a long time.(2009陕西)
A. of which B. with which
C. about which D. into which
此题介词由argue决定,因为是argue about the subject,故选C。
②名词 + 介词 + 关系代词
The man pulled out a gold watch,_________ were made of small diamonds. (2008陕西)
A. the hands of whom
B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of
D. the hands of which
主句中的“一只金表”与定语从句的联系是“它的指针”,如果不用whose,那就用本题的of which,因此选D。
③介词 + 关系代词 + 名词
Last month,part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods,from _____ effects the people are still suffering. (2005天津)
A. that B. whose C. those D. what
从句与先行词floods的联系是“洪水的影响”,因此应选B,从而构成“介词 + 关系代词 + 名词”的结构。
④代词 + 介词 + 关系代词
She brought with her three friends,none of _____ I had ever met before. (2009海南)
A. themB. whoC. whomD. these
因为要表达三个朋友中一个都没有,所以要用上代词none,由于是指人,故选择C。
⑤介词 + 关系代词 + to do
Frank’s dream was to have his own shop _______ to produce the workings of his own hands.(2005湖南)
A. that B. in which
C. by which D. how
本题选B。这种结构也可看作是定语从句的省略形式,如果补全的话,就是in which he could produce the workings of his own hands。在这里,which替代his own shop。
(二)关系副词
1. 对where与when的常规考查
— What do you think of teaching,Bob?
— I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting.(2009北京)
A. where B. which
C. when D. that
Because of the financial crisis,days are gone _____ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. (2009江苏)
A. if B. when
C. which D. since
对where与when的常规考查的题目,解题的基本原则就是在确定定语从句中需要状语后,按照先行词表地点用where,表时间用when的要求作答。因此,以上两题的答案分别为A、B。
2. 用where的特例
Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers,_______ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. (2008江西)
A. where B. when
C. who D. which
I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.(2009浙江)
A. which B. where
C. how D. why
It’s helpful to put children in a situation _________ they can see themselves differently.(2009福建)
A. that B. when
C. which D. where
以上三例反映了定语从句中用where的特殊情况的现象,即某些表抽象“地点”的词,如case,point,period,situation等,要注意使用where而不用when。因此,上面各例的答案为A、B、D。
【巩固训练】
1. Of course there are many more names _________ did not make the list but who nevertheless had a major impact(影响)on our world.
A. that B. which C. as D. who
2. For many cities in the world,there is no room to spread out further,____ New York is an example.
A. for which B. in which
C. of which D. from which
3. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago,_____ it was so poorly equipped.
A. what; when B. that; which
C. what; which D. which; that
4. Life is like a long race _____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
A. why B. what
C. that D. where
5. Whenever I met her,_______ was fairly often,she greeted me with a sweet smile.
A. who B. which
C. when D. that
6. She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A. that B. which
C. where D. when
7. A good friend of mine from ________ I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.
A. how B. whom
C. whenD. which
8. The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A. in it B. in
C. in that D. in which
9. The Beatles, ________ many of you are old enough to remember,came from Liverpool.
A. what B. that C. how D. as
10. — Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
— Yes,there’s one point _______ we must insist on.
A. whyB. where C. howD. (不填)
Keys:1—5 DCADB6—10 DCBDD
第一步:确定是否为定语从句
只有确定某一个题为定语从句题,我们才能用定语从句的知识来正确解答该题。定语从句的验证可分为两步:
(一)、确定是从句还是分句
定语从句,顾名思义,是一个不独立的句子,必须依附于一个主句,否则其存在就没有意义。在高考多项选择题中,确定缺词部分是从句还是独立的分句通常就是我们作出正确选择的关键。例如:
Some pre-school children go to a day care center,_______ they learn simple games and songs.(2007辽宁)
A. then B. there C. while D. where
答对此题的关键,就是确定空白处是选B还是D。首先,我们要知道逗号前面是一个分句,如果选B,固然可以使逗号后面的部分的意思和整个结构变得完整,但它同时也带来了一个问题,那就是:逗号前后的两个独立的分句之间缺少起连接作用的连词,这是不符合规范的英语的要求的。如果选D,此问题即可迎刃而解,因为where引导的是一个修饰主句中的宾语“day care center”的非限制性定语从句。
【现学现用】
They will fly to Washington,____ they plan to stay for two or three days.(2008重庆)
A. where B. there C. which D. when
The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control. (2008湖南)
A. most of them B. most of which
C. most of what D. most of that
The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _____ was more than we could expect. (2008全国II)
A. it B. what C. which D. that
【答案解析】
第一题选A而不选B。此题逗号后面需要的是从句而不是一个分句。第二题选B而不选A。如果选A,我们就必须在most of them前面加一个连词and,这样,逗号前后的两个分句才能“相安无事”。第三题选C而不选A。逗号后面是which引导的定语从句,which替代前面的一整句话。
(二) 确定是否为定语从句
1. 定语从句的基本属性
根据其在句子中所起的语法功能,从句的家族成员包括名词性从句,形容词性从句和副词性从句。这里的形容词性从句就是定语从句,在句子中作定语修饰前面的先行词,先行词可以是名词、代词或名词、代词短语,还可以是主句的一个部分,有时甚至是整个句子。
判断一个从句是否为定语从句有两项指标:(1)必须有先行词。没有先行词,定语从句就不可能存在;(2)先行词以及替代先行词的关系代词或关系副词必须在定语从句中充当某种成分(主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语)。通过验证这两项指标,我们就可以在解答定语从句题时做到“拔开云雾”而“终见彩虹”。
2. 定语从句与其他句式的辨析
①与名词性从句
You can only be sure of_____ you have at present;you cannot be sure of something ______ you might get in the future.(2007安徽)
A. that; what B. what; (不填)
C. which;that D. (不填);that
此题的两个空的上下文无论是结构还是意思都很相似,最大的不同就是第二个空前多了一个something。第一个空前面是一个介词,没有先行词,所以所缺的词引导的从句就不是定语从句,而是作of的宾语的名词性从句;第二个空前面的something在从句里作get的宾语,因此所缺词引导的是一个定语从句,因为作宾语所以可以省略掉。故此题的正确答案为B。
The fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.(2009江西)
A. whatB. which C. that D. though
学生看到名词fact(事实)很容易想当然地认为后面空缺的词引导的是定语从句,再加上which比that先进入视线,因此B就成了他们的答案。事实上,从句中既不缺主语,也不缺宾语,所以它不可能是定语从句,而是同位语从句。其实,除了fact之外,idea,news,hope,belief,doubt,thought,possibility,request,problem,question,chance等词后经常会带有that,when,how,whether等引导的同位语从句,来补充说明它们的内容。这些词以及引导词在从句中不作任何成分,这也是它们与that引导的定语从句的区别。本题正确答案为C。
【现学现用】
Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ________ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江)
A. what B. thatC. whichD. one
We should consider the students’ request __________ the school library provide more books on popular science.(2009重庆)
A. thatB. when C. which D. where
【答案解析】
以上两题的答案均为A。第一题空缺词前面的介词from很容易让人顺口念出定语从句中常有的形式from which而错选C。如果稍加分析,可见这个“定语从句”根本就没有先行词,因此不可能是定语从句,而是宾语从句,空缺词需要表达“所……的语言”,所以选A。第二题中的request在从句中不充当任何成分,因此是同位语从句,故选择that。
②与状语从句
定语从句与状语从句的连接词都有where和when,在定语从句中,这两个词还可以用相应的“介词(in,at,on) + which”替换,在状语从句中则不行。例如:
— Mom,what did the doctor say?
— He advised me to live______ the air is fresher. ( 2006四川)
A. in where B. in which
C. the place where D. where
本题空缺词引导的是地点状语从句,不是定语从句(没有先行词),因此不能选B,应选择D。
【现学现用】
If you are traveling _______ the customs are really foreign to your own,please do as the Romans do. ( 2006天津)
A. in whichB. whatC. whenD. where
Mozart’s birthplace and the house ______ he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now.(2009上海)
A. where B. when C. there D. which
【答案解析】
以上两题的答案分别是D、A。虽然都是选where,但第一题里的where引导的是状语从句而在第二题里引导的是定语从句。
③与强调句
强调句的基本结构是:It + be(is / was)+ 被强调部分 + that / who + 句子的其余部分。因为定语从句的引导词也有that和who,因而强调句与定语从句经常互相干扰。例如:
— Where did you get to know her?
— It was on the farm _______ we worked. (2007山东)
A. thatB. thereC.which D. where
第二句话似乎具备标准的定语从句的框架:it was + on the farm + that + we worked,而且按照强调句的检测标准,去掉it was和that之后,句子的剩余部分依旧是一个完整的句子。不过,问题就出在翻译上:“我们是在农场上干活。”与上面的问题完全是“风马牛不相及”。因此第二句不能被处理为强调句,而应该是定语从句,选择D,这样就构成了一个完整的对话:
— 你是在哪儿认识她的?
— 在我工作的农场上。
第二步:确定用什么关系词
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,用什么关系词主要看它在从句中所作的成分。如果作主语、宾语、表语和定语,用关系代词,如:which,that,who,whom,whose,as;如果作状语就用关系副词,如when,where,why。除了关系代词和关系副词之间的取舍外,两个关系代词或两个关系副词之间的抉择也是常见的考查方式。以下是近几年的“热门”考点:
(一)关系代词
1. 单个关系代词
My friend showed me round the town,______ was very kind of him.(2009全国II)
A. which B. that
C. where D. it
本题考查的是that和which的两个较大的区别:which能引导非限制性定语从句而that不能;which可以替代前面的一整句话而that不能。此题选择A而不选B。
I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day,_____ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin. (2009天津)
A. asB. which C. when D. though
as和which都能替代前面的一整句话,但which通常不用在这种倒装结构中。另外,as用于此用法时,常可翻译为“正如……”、“就像……”等,这也是判定选as而不选which的又一标志。本题选A。
2. 介词和关系代词的组合
①介词 + 关系代词
Gun control is a subject _____ Americans have argued for a long time.(2009陕西)
A. of which B. with which
C. about which D. into which
此题介词由argue决定,因为是argue about the subject,故选C。
②名词 + 介词 + 关系代词
The man pulled out a gold watch,_________ were made of small diamonds. (2008陕西)
A. the hands of whom
B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of
D. the hands of which
主句中的“一只金表”与定语从句的联系是“它的指针”,如果不用whose,那就用本题的of which,因此选D。
③介词 + 关系代词 + 名词
Last month,part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods,from _____ effects the people are still suffering. (2005天津)
A. that B. whose C. those D. what
从句与先行词floods的联系是“洪水的影响”,因此应选B,从而构成“介词 + 关系代词 + 名词”的结构。
④代词 + 介词 + 关系代词
She brought with her three friends,none of _____ I had ever met before. (2009海南)
A. themB. whoC. whomD. these
因为要表达三个朋友中一个都没有,所以要用上代词none,由于是指人,故选择C。
⑤介词 + 关系代词 + to do
Frank’s dream was to have his own shop _______ to produce the workings of his own hands.(2005湖南)
A. that B. in which
C. by which D. how
本题选B。这种结构也可看作是定语从句的省略形式,如果补全的话,就是in which he could produce the workings of his own hands。在这里,which替代his own shop。
(二)关系副词
1. 对where与when的常规考查
— What do you think of teaching,Bob?
— I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ___ you are doing something serious but interesting.(2009北京)
A. where B. which
C. when D. that
Because of the financial crisis,days are gone _____ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. (2009江苏)
A. if B. when
C. which D. since
对where与when的常规考查的题目,解题的基本原则就是在确定定语从句中需要状语后,按照先行词表地点用where,表时间用when的要求作答。因此,以上两题的答案分别为A、B。
2. 用where的特例
Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers,_______ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. (2008江西)
A. where B. when
C. who D. which
I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.(2009浙江)
A. which B. where
C. how D. why
It’s helpful to put children in a situation _________ they can see themselves differently.(2009福建)
A. that B. when
C. which D. where
以上三例反映了定语从句中用where的特殊情况的现象,即某些表抽象“地点”的词,如case,point,period,situation等,要注意使用where而不用when。因此,上面各例的答案为A、B、D。
【巩固训练】
1. Of course there are many more names _________ did not make the list but who nevertheless had a major impact(影响)on our world.
A. that B. which C. as D. who
2. For many cities in the world,there is no room to spread out further,____ New York is an example.
A. for which B. in which
C. of which D. from which
3. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago,_____ it was so poorly equipped.
A. what; when B. that; which
C. what; which D. which; that
4. Life is like a long race _____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
A. why B. what
C. that D. where
5. Whenever I met her,_______ was fairly often,she greeted me with a sweet smile.
A. who B. which
C. when D. that
6. She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A. that B. which
C. where D. when
7. A good friend of mine from ________ I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.
A. how B. whom
C. whenD. which
8. The house I grew up ________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
A. in it B. in
C. in that D. in which
9. The Beatles, ________ many of you are old enough to remember,came from Liverpool.
A. what B. that C. how D. as
10. — Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
— Yes,there’s one point _______ we must insist on.
A. whyB. where C. howD. (不填)
Keys:1—5 DCADB6—10 DCBDD