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对精神病人强制医疗是我国2013年1月1日起施行的新刑事诉讼法规定的一个特殊程序,因为我国立法和司法的独特性,该程序在实施过程中存在诸多理论和实践难题。本文首先分析了强制医疗程序的司法特性,分别表现为刑事司法性、司法强制性、再犯预防性和社会福利性。在分析了该程序在我国独特制度下的司法特性之后,基于调研和实证分析的相关资料和数据,总结出目前实践中主要出现的几个问题,即精神病人再犯危险性的标准确立问题;因为只有少部分暴力行为由精神疾病引发,精神病人的病理康复与去除危险性的关系问题;临时拘束措施的实施困境;部分亲属申请不予强制医疗;强制医疗与刑罚的衔接等问题。以上问题的出现既有理论不够完善带来的实践困惑,又有实践操作的复杂性带来的现实问题,更有理论和实践都难以处理的客观难题。在提出问题和分析问题之后,笔者认为问题的解决之道在于通过各种综合手段实现刑法的社会控制功能。具体途径有:尽量争取好的社会政策,用好的社会政策化解矛盾;被害人救助体系的建立与完善司法救助与社会救助的有机结合;加强对精神病人家庭的社会关注度;地方司法文件的出台,合理统筹细化规范等等。通过论证和分析,笔者希望本文的建议能对我国精神病强制医疗程序的进一步完善有重要的指引作用。
Compulsory medical treatment of mental patients is a special procedure stipulated in the new Code of Criminal Procedure, which came into force on January 1, 2013 in our country. Because of the uniqueness of our country’s legislation and judicature, there are many theoretical and practical problems in the implementation of this procedure. This article first analyzes the judicial characteristics of compulsory medical procedures, which are shown as criminal justice, judicial compulsory, recurrent preventative and social welfare. After analyzing the judicial characteristic of the program under our country’s unique system, based on the relevant data and data of the research and empirical analysis, it summarizes several problems that appear in practice at present, that is, the establishment of standards for the risk of recidivism by mental patients. Because Only a small part of the violence is caused by mental illness, the relationship between the pathological recovery of mental patients and the risk of removal; the plight of the implementation of the temporary restraint measures; some relatives apply for non-mandatory medical treatment; and the link between compulsory medical treatment and punishment. The emergence of the above problems not only brings about practical perplexity brought by imperfect theory, but also real problems arising from the complexity of practical operation, and objective problems difficult to be solved by both theory and practice. After asking questions and analyzing questions, the author thinks that the solution to the problem is to realize the social control function of criminal law through various comprehensive means. Specific ways are as follows: strive for good social policies as much as possible, resolve conflicts with good social policies; establish and improve the system of assistance to victims and improve the combination of legal aid and social assistance; strengthen social attention to families with mental patients; introduce local judicial documents Reasonable overall planning specifications and so on. Through the demonstration and analysis, I hope the suggestions in this article can guide the further improvement of the compulsory medical treatment in our country.