【目的】作物的光合特性及干物质积累与转运是影响产量的重要因素。研究不同耕作方式对冬小麦–夏玉米光合特性、干物质积累转运及周年产量的影响,以期为冬小麦–夏玉米两熟地区选择适宜的耕作方式提供理论和实践依据。【方法】以黄淮海地区2003~2014年连续12年定位试验为平台,在秸秆还田前提下,试验设4种耕作方式:传统翻耕(PC)为对照、免耕(PZ)、深松(PS)和旋耕(PR)。对2014~2015季冬小麦和2015季夏玉米各项光合参数、干物质积累和产量进行了测定。【结果】长期不同耕作方式对冬小麦–夏玉米光合特性和周年产量影响显著,免耕、深松和旋耕处理的光合特性和周年产量均优于对照传统翻耕,依次为PS>PZ>PR>PC。PZ、PS和PR耕作方式显著提高了生育后期冬小麦和夏玉米功能叶的叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,其中冬小麦灌浆后期叶绿素含量分别提高了97.0%、121.1%和71.4%,光合速率分别提高了57.6%、71.6%和51.2%;夏玉米灌浆期叶绿素含量分别提高23.6%、28.1%和10.4%,光合速率分别提高18.6%、26.5%和19.2%,延缓了叶片衰老,使光合作用始终维持在较高水平。PZ、PS和PR处理冬小麦花后同化物对籽粒的贡献率分别达65.3%、67.8%和65.0%,夏玉米为66.3%、70.6%和63.4%,而对照处理(PC)冬小麦和夏玉米的贡献率仅为59.3%和60.9%。PZ和PS处理冬小麦和夏玉米的穗粒数和千粒重显著高于PC处理,穗数显著低于PC和PR。PZ、PS和PR可显著提高周年产量,分别提高15.4%、18.2%和11.0%。【结论】在黄淮海地区,采用长期秸秆还田下免耕、深松和旋耕均可提高冬小麦和夏玉米叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高胞间CO_2利用能力,降低非气孔限制,增强花后干物质积累能力,增加花后同化物对籽粒的贡献率,协调产量构成因素的关系,提高单季和周年产量,其中深松效果最佳,免耕次之。 【Objective】 Crop photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation and transport are important factors affecting yield. The effects of different tillage methods on photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation, translocation and annual yield of winter wheat-summer maize were studied in order to provide theoretical and practical evidence for selecting suitable tillage practices in winter wheat-summer maize double cropping areas. 【Method】 Four kinds of tillage methods were tested in the Huang-Huai-Hai area for 12 consecutive years from 2003 to 2014. Under the premise of returning straw to soil, four kinds of tillage methods were set up: traditional tillage (PC) as control, no-tillage (PZ) (PS) and rotary plowing (PR). The photosynthesis parameters, dry matter accumulation and yield of winter wheat from 2014 to 2015 and summer maize from 2015 to 2015 were measured. 【Result】 Long-term different tillage methods had significant effects on photosynthetic characteristics and annual yield of winter wheat-summer maize. The photosynthetic characteristics and annual yield of no-tillage, subsoiling and rotary tillage were better than those of the conventional tillage, which were PS> PZ> PR > PC. PZ, PS and PR farming methods significantly increased the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomata conductance and transpiration rate of functional leaves of winter wheat and summer maize at late growth stage, of which the chlorophyll content in winter wheat increased by 97.0%, 121.1% and 71.4%, respectively, Photosynthetic rate increased by 57.6%, 71.6% and 51.2%, respectively. Chlorophyll content in summer maize increased by 23.6%, 28.1% and 10.4%, and photosynthetic rate increased by 18.6%, 26.5% and 19.2% Photosynthesis is always maintained at a high level. The contribution of assimilates of winter wheat after treatment with PZ, PS and PR to grain were 65.3%, 67.8% and 65.0%, respectively, and that of summer maize was 66.3%, 70.6% and 63.4%, respectively. The contribution rate is only 59.3% and 60.9%. The grains per spike and 1000-grain weight of PZ and PS treated winter wheat and summer maize were significantly higher than those of PC, the spikes were significantly lower than those of PC and PR. PZ, PS and PR significantly increased annual yields by 15.4%, 18.2% and 11.0% respectively. 【Conclusion】 In the Huang-Huai-Hai region, no-tillage, deep-tillage and rotary tillage with long-term straw incorporation could increase chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of winter wheat and summer maize, increase intercellular CO 2 utilization ability, lower non-stomatal limitation, Dry matter accumulation ability, increasing the contribution of assimilates to grain and coordinating the relationship of yield components, and improving the single-season and annual yield. The effect of deep-seeding was the best, followed by no-till.