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婴幼儿、妊娠及哺乳期妇女、肝肾功能不全患者及老年人等特殊人群存在不同程度的免疫功能不全，发生感染的概率高于其他人群，抗菌药物的使用率较高，而因其特殊的生理病理状态和药物代谢特点，发生不良反应的风险更大。因此，抗菌药物在特殊人群中应用的安全性应得到更多的关注。掌握特殊人群的病理生理特点和抗菌药物的药代动力学特点，加强对特殊人群抗菌药物处方的审核和点评，有助于提高抗菌药物合理用药水平，减少抗菌药物对特殊人群的伤害。“,”Special populations, such as infants, pregnant and lactating women, patients with liver and kidney dysfunction, and the elderly, have different degrees of immune dysfunction, whose probability of infection and the utilization rate of antibacterials are higher than those in other populations. The risk of adverse reactions is higher in these special populations because of their special pathophysiological state and characteristics of drug metabolism. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the safety of antibacterials in these populations. To master the pathophysiological characteristics of special populations and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the antibacterials and strengthen the audit and comment on the prescription of antibacterials in the special populations will help to improve the level of rational use of antibacterials, so as to reduce their damages to special populations.