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[目的]分析武汉市机械制造企业存在的职业病危害因素,为改善作业环境、预防与控制职业病以及制定相关政策提供科学依据。[方法]选择4家异地新建的大型机械制造企业为对象,按国家职业卫生规范与标准,调查分析存在的职业病危害因素状况和防控措施实施情况,并对其职业病危害因素控制效果进行现场检测。[结果]噪声检测点超标率为35.2%,超标点分布广,接触机会多,超标率居前3位的工序为打磨(59.3%)、抛丸(55.6%)和冲压(52%)。生产性粉尘主要分布在焊接工作场所,其中砂轮磨尘超标率为13.0%,电焊烟尘超标率为11.9%,电焊烟尘的超标程度较大,其时间加权平均浓度(TWA)超标倍数最大达6倍。化学毒物共测5种,有3种超标,主要分布在喷涂和焊接工作场所,其中苯测点超标率为44.4%,甲苯为12.7%,锰为11.5%,锰超标程度较大,其TWA超标倍数最大达16倍。[结论]武汉市4家大型机械制造业超标严重的主要职业病危害因素是噪声、苯系物和粉尘,仍需采取有效的防护措施,保护劳动者的健康。
[Objective] To analyze the hazards of occupational diseases in machinery manufacturing enterprises in Wuhan and provide scientific basis for improving working environment, preventing and controlling occupational diseases and formulating relevant policies. [Methods] Four large-scale machinery manufacturing enterprises newly established in different places were selected as the targets. According to the national occupational health codes and standards, the status of occupational disease hazards and the implementation of prevention and control measures were investigated and analyzed, and the field control effects of occupational hazards were detected on site . [Result] The rate of over standard rate of noise detection was 35.2%, the point of over standard point was wide and there were many chances of contact. The top three ranks of over standard rate were grinding (59.3%), shot blasting (55.6%) and stamping (52%). Productive dust is mainly distributed in the welding work place, in which the exceeding rate of the grinding wheel dust is 13.0%, the exceeding rate of the welding dust is 11.9%, and the over-standard of the welding dust is larger, and the time-weighted average concentration (TWA) . Five kinds of chemical toxicants were tested in total, and there were three kinds of chemical poisoning exceeding the standard, mainly distributed in the spraying and welding workplaces. Among them, benzene exceeding the standard point of 44.4%, toluene of 12.7%, manganese of 11.5% Multiples up to 16 times. [Conclusion] The main occupational hazards of 4 large machinery manufacturing enterprises in Wuhan are serious noise, benzene compounds and dust. Effective protective measures still need to be taken to protect the health of laborers.