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歌德之《浮士德:一部悲剧》的主人公是一位学者和知识人。随时间推移,歌德对学者的塑造发生变化。第一阶段(1770年代)基本继承中世纪晚期/近代早期的学者讽刺传统,讽刺经院学者的迂腐和骄傲;创作的第二阶段(1800年前后)着力展示学者如何依靠智识背弃神灵,开始与魔鬼结盟以使膨胀的欲望付诸实现;创作的最后阶段(1830年前后),学者已成为科学家和学界教皇,僭越造物秩序进行人造人的实验。浮士德学者形象的演变表明,当受激情驱使的欲望取代实践理性,人失去“至高的善”引导,将没有约束的意志付诸行动,则终将导致对权力的无限攫取,走上改造自然和摧毁旧秩序的道路。歌德以人的理性和智识的代表——学者为例,图解了“没有约束的现代性”的前现代渊源。
Goethe’s “Faust: A Tragedy,” the protagonist is a scholar and knowledgeer. Over time, Goethe’s shaping of scholars has changed. The first phase (in the 1770s) basically inherited the satirical tradition of scholars of the late Middle Ages and early modern times, satirizing the pedantry and pride of scholastic academics. The second phase of writing (around 1800) focused on how scholars, Alliances to make the expansion of desire to come true; the final stage of creation (around 1830), scholars have become scientists and academics Pope, more than the fabricating order for artificial experiments. The evolvement of the Faust scholar’s image shows that when the desire driven by passion replaces the practical rationality and people lose their guidance of “supreme goodness” and put their unconstrained will into action, they will eventually lead to unlimited seizure of power, On the road to transforming nature and destroying the old order. Goethe illustrated the pre-modern origins of “modernity without restraint ” by taking the example of human reason and intelligence as an example.