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2008年高考英语全国卷II、陕西卷出现了考查省略不定式符号to的试题:
1. The director had her assistant ___________some hot dogs for the meeting. (全国卷II·12题)
A. picked up B. picks up
C. pick up D. picking up
2. It’s going to rain. Xiao Feng, will you please help me ___________the clothes on the line?(陕西卷·20题)
A. get off B. get back
C. get in D. get on
正确答案:1. C。have后接不定式作宾补时,要省去to。2. C。help后接不定式作宾补时可省去to,也可不省。
不定式符号to的省略与保留是英语中常见的语法现象,是复习备考的重点。笔者认为下面几点尤为常见,学生应该熟练掌握:
(1)在一般的助动词或情态动词(如do,will,shall,would,should,can, may,must等)后面to应省略。
“Must we hand in our work this morning?”
“Yes, you must.”
“今天上午我们得交作业吗?”
“是的,必须交。”
但在ought,used,have和be后不能省略:
You ought to help each other in your work.
你们在工作中应该彼此帮助。
It used to be quite a small village.
这地方过去是个很小的村庄。
I’m to have tea with Betty this afternoon.
我打算今天下午和贝蒂喝茶。
(2)主动语态中,动词make,let,have,hear,observe,see,watch,notice, feel,listen to,look at,(help)等,后接不定式作宾语补足语时,to应省略。
They did not obeserve Tom come in and go upstairs.
他们没有注意到汤姆进来上楼了。
It is quite amusing to look at other people play chess.
看别人下棋很有意思。
feel,observe,see后面的不定式宾补中,如果to后面是be,那么to应保留:
They all felt the plan to be unwise.
他们都觉得这个计划欠考虑。
Now I saw him to be the boy I had seen the day before.
这时我发现他就是我前一天见到的那个男孩。
但是,如果这种句子变为被动结构,to就一定要保留:
Tom was not observed to come in and go upstairs.
She was heard to open the door.
(3)Why或Why not后面跟的不定式应省略to,构成的问句表责备或建议的语气。
Why risk breaking the law?
为什么要冒险触犯法律?(责备)
Why not wait for a couple of days?
干吗不等一两天?(建议)
(4)在had better(最好),would rather(宁愿),would rather...than(宁愿……而不愿),rather than(而不是,与其……宁愿),cannot but(不能不,只能)等结构后,to应省略:
The soldiers would rather die than give in.
士兵们宁愿死,也不愿投降。
Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad,he sold themat half price.
他宁愿半价卖掉蔬菜,也不愿让它们烂掉。
I cannot but agree to his terms.
我只好同意他的条件。
(5)but、except用作介词,表示“除去”、“除开”时,如果它们前面有动词do,其后的不定式符号to多省略;如果它们前面是其他动词,to则要保留:
Martin had done nothing but rest.
除了休息外,马丁什么也没干。
There seemed nothing else to do but send for the doctor.
似乎没有别的办法,只好派人去请医生了。
They did nothing (else) except work.
除了工作,他们什么也没干。
She can do everything except cook.
除烹饪外,她什么都能干。
He wanted nothing but to stay there.
他什么也不要,只是待在那里。
We have no choice but to take an immediate action.
我们别无选择,只好立即行动。
It had no effect except to make him angry.
除了使他生气外,没有什么效果。
(6)有时为了避免重复前面的动词,可以把动词省略,但to要保留。
—Did you get a ticket?
—No,I tried to,but there weren’t any left.
——你买到票了吗?
——没有,我去买了,但票卖完了。
—Would you like to give me a hand?
—I’m happy to.
——帮我一个忙好吗?
——可以,我很乐意。
The boy wanted to play football in the street,but his mother told him not to.
这男孩想在街上踢足球,但他母亲叫他不要。
(7)当两个(或更多)作用相同的不定式并列使用时,常常只在第一个不定式前保留to,后面不定式前的to常省略。
Mother told Tom to stay there and wait till she came back.
母亲让汤姆待在那里等她回来。
They are taught to read, write and do many other things at school.
在学校,老师教他们读书、写字以及其他很多事情。
但是,如果并列使用的不定式有对比关系,那么,每个不定式前面的to都得保留:
He hasn’t decided whether to go home or to stay at schoolduring the vacation.
他没有决定假期是回家还是留在学校里。
He is very hard to approach,to understand, to get along with.
他很难接近,很难理解,很难相处。
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易,而不是使生活更困难。
(8)名词性从句用作主语或句子的主语all、the only thing后面跟定语从句时,其表语如果是不定式,在口语中常省去to。
What he wants to do is help you.
他想做的是帮助你。
All I did was turn off the gas.
我所做的一切是关掉煤气。
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
我现在能做的唯一的事情是独自进行下去。
编辑/梁宇清
1. The director had her assistant ___________some hot dogs for the meeting. (全国卷II·12题)
A. picked up B. picks up
C. pick up D. picking up
2. It’s going to rain. Xiao Feng, will you please help me ___________the clothes on the line?(陕西卷·20题)
A. get off B. get back
C. get in D. get on
正确答案:1. C。have后接不定式作宾补时,要省去to。2. C。help后接不定式作宾补时可省去to,也可不省。
不定式符号to的省略与保留是英语中常见的语法现象,是复习备考的重点。笔者认为下面几点尤为常见,学生应该熟练掌握:
(1)在一般的助动词或情态动词(如do,will,shall,would,should,can, may,must等)后面to应省略。
“Must we hand in our work this morning?”
“Yes, you must.”
“今天上午我们得交作业吗?”
“是的,必须交。”
但在ought,used,have和be后不能省略:
You ought to help each other in your work.
你们在工作中应该彼此帮助。
It used to be quite a small village.
这地方过去是个很小的村庄。
I’m to have tea with Betty this afternoon.
我打算今天下午和贝蒂喝茶。
(2)主动语态中,动词make,let,have,hear,observe,see,watch,notice, feel,listen to,look at,(help)等,后接不定式作宾语补足语时,to应省略。
They did not obeserve Tom come in and go upstairs.
他们没有注意到汤姆进来上楼了。
It is quite amusing to look at other people play chess.
看别人下棋很有意思。
feel,observe,see后面的不定式宾补中,如果to后面是be,那么to应保留:
They all felt the plan to be unwise.
他们都觉得这个计划欠考虑。
Now I saw him to be the boy I had seen the day before.
这时我发现他就是我前一天见到的那个男孩。
但是,如果这种句子变为被动结构,to就一定要保留:
Tom was not observed to come in and go upstairs.
She was heard to open the door.
(3)Why或Why not后面跟的不定式应省略to,构成的问句表责备或建议的语气。
Why risk breaking the law?
为什么要冒险触犯法律?(责备)
Why not wait for a couple of days?
干吗不等一两天?(建议)
(4)在had better(最好),would rather(宁愿),would rather...than(宁愿……而不愿),rather than(而不是,与其……宁愿),cannot but(不能不,只能)等结构后,to应省略:
The soldiers would rather die than give in.
士兵们宁愿死,也不愿投降。
Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad,he sold themat half price.
他宁愿半价卖掉蔬菜,也不愿让它们烂掉。
I cannot but agree to his terms.
我只好同意他的条件。
(5)but、except用作介词,表示“除去”、“除开”时,如果它们前面有动词do,其后的不定式符号to多省略;如果它们前面是其他动词,to则要保留:
Martin had done nothing but rest.
除了休息外,马丁什么也没干。
There seemed nothing else to do but send for the doctor.
似乎没有别的办法,只好派人去请医生了。
They did nothing (else) except work.
除了工作,他们什么也没干。
She can do everything except cook.
除烹饪外,她什么都能干。
He wanted nothing but to stay there.
他什么也不要,只是待在那里。
We have no choice but to take an immediate action.
我们别无选择,只好立即行动。
It had no effect except to make him angry.
除了使他生气外,没有什么效果。
(6)有时为了避免重复前面的动词,可以把动词省略,但to要保留。
—Did you get a ticket?
—No,I tried to,but there weren’t any left.
——你买到票了吗?
——没有,我去买了,但票卖完了。
—Would you like to give me a hand?
—I’m happy to.
——帮我一个忙好吗?
——可以,我很乐意。
The boy wanted to play football in the street,but his mother told him not to.
这男孩想在街上踢足球,但他母亲叫他不要。
(7)当两个(或更多)作用相同的不定式并列使用时,常常只在第一个不定式前保留to,后面不定式前的to常省略。
Mother told Tom to stay there and wait till she came back.
母亲让汤姆待在那里等她回来。
They are taught to read, write and do many other things at school.
在学校,老师教他们读书、写字以及其他很多事情。
但是,如果并列使用的不定式有对比关系,那么,每个不定式前面的to都得保留:
He hasn’t decided whether to go home or to stay at schoolduring the vacation.
他没有决定假期是回家还是留在学校里。
He is very hard to approach,to understand, to get along with.
他很难接近,很难理解,很难相处。
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易,而不是使生活更困难。
(8)名词性从句用作主语或句子的主语all、the only thing后面跟定语从句时,其表语如果是不定式,在口语中常省去to。
What he wants to do is help you.
他想做的是帮助你。
All I did was turn off the gas.
我所做的一切是关掉煤气。
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
我现在能做的唯一的事情是独自进行下去。
编辑/梁宇清