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一、前言20世纪初,德国社会学家韦伯(Max Weber,1864—1920)在他的论著中,认为中国的官吏是家产官僚制(Patrimonialbuerokratie)国家的官吏,他们是非专业性的,是士大夫出任的官吏,是受过古典人文教育的文人;他们接受俸禄,但没有任何行政与法律的知识,只能舞文弄墨,诠释经典;他们不亲自治事,行政工作是掌握在幕僚(师爷、胥吏)之手。接着他又在《中国的宗教:儒教与道教》一书中提到:“中国的法官——典型的家产制法官——以彻底的家户长制
I. INTRODUCTION In the early 20th century, the German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) considered in his treatise that the Chinese officials were officials of the Patrimonial Buerokratie countries. They were non-professional, Are officials who have received classical humanistic education. They receive their salary but do not have any knowledge of administrative and legal issues. They can only practice the texts and interpret the scriptures. They do not go through the ranks personally, and administrative work rests with the aides (teachers and clerks) hand. Then he again mentioned in ”Religion in China: Confucianism and Taoism,“ that ”China’s judges - the typical judge of the family property system -