社会经济活动总是在冲突与合作中发展,资源相对于需求的稀缺性会导致竞争乃至引发冲突,而为了更好地利用稀缺的资源,人们有时候也会相互合作。不言而喻,冲突有可能造成资源配置低效和福利损失,更严重的情况是导致人类社会深陷困境;而合作则能实现资源的更有效的配置,从而提高人类福利。因此,如何构建运行有序、治理良好的社会经济制度以解决稀缺资源配置中的冲突与合作问题,就成为经济理论研究的一个重要课题。从某种意义上说,不管是亚当·斯密、约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒等古典经济学家,还是 Socio-economic activities always develop in conflicts and cooperation. The scarcity of resources relative to demand leads to competition and even conflict. In order to make better use of scarce resources, people sometimes cooperate with each other. It goes without saying that conflict may result in inefficient allocation of resources and loss of welfare. In more serious cases, this leads to the deep plight of human society. Cooperation, on the other hand, enables a more efficient allocation of resources and thus human well-being. Therefore, how to construct a well-run and well-managed socio-economic system to solve the conflicts and cooperation in the allocation of scarce resources has become an important issue in the study of economic theory. In a sense, classical economists such as Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill are