Clinical trials of MRI-based immune cell imaging: challenges and perspectives

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Immune cell-based therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T) therapies and dendritic cell (DC) vaccines are producing tremendous opportunities for treating previously incurable diseases.Cellular immunotherapy holds some unique advantages.Adoptively transferred immune cells can persist in the body and offers a long-term protection to patients.In addition, genetically engineered immune cells are usually designed to target specific cells, therefore cause fewer side effects as compared to traditional non-specific treatments.At present, the main challenges of cellular immunotherapy include (1) identifying patients who respond to the therapy, (2) early assessment of therapy effectiveness, (3) long-term effect and toxicity.Importantly, the persistence and survival of transferred immune cells is considered the primary factor that determines patients' response.Therefore, non-invasive tracking of therapeutic immune cells would provide essential information regarding above questions and be of great benefit to the development of more effective immunotherapies [1].
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