论文部分内容阅读
Certain foods, insect bites and stings, and some medications can cause allergic reactions in children who are sensitive to them. Anaphylaxis is the most severe type of allergic reaction. It may occur from a few minutes to an hour or two after contact with an allergen (a substance to which someone is allergic). Anaphylaxis can cause the airways to swell, making it hard to breathe. It also may cause a sudden drop in blood pressure. That means less oxygen reaches your child’s brain and other vital organs. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency—it can be fatal if not treated quickly.
What Causes Anaphylaxis?
Children can react to many substances, but some of the most common allergens include:
Foods, especially milk, egg, wheat, soy, peanuts, shellfish, and tree nuts (such as almonds, cashews, and walnuts)
Insect bites and stings
Medications such as antibiotics
Latex, a type of rubbAllergy shots
What Are the Symptoms of Anaphylaxis?
In an allergic reaction, the immune system mistakes a substance as harmful and floods the whole body with powerful chemicals. These chemicals can cause symptoms such as:
Itching skin and hives (raised bumps on the skin)
Swelling of the mouth or face?Trouble breathing, cough, wheezing, or trouble swallowing
Lightheadedness, dizziness, or fainting
Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
Stomach pain or cramping
Confusion
Slurred speech
Anxiety (feeling of doom)
If Your Child Has Symptoms of Anaphylaxis, Act Quickly!
If your doctor has prescribed an injectable epinephrine (such as EpiPen, Adrenaclick, Twinject), use it right away. Then call 911 or emergency services.
How Is Anaphylaxis Treated?
In the hospital:
Your child is likely to be given epinephrine (adrenaline) and antihistamines to help stop the allergic response.
The doctor will ask about substances your child may have been exposed to and whether a similar reaction has occurred before. Certain tests may also be done.
Your child will be observed for a few hours or overnight to make sure symptoms don’t return.
Your child will be referred to his or her doctor or an allergist (a doctor who specializes in allergies) for follow-up care.
Using Injectable Epinephrine
To treat a future attack, the doctor will prescribe injectable epinephrine. This is epinephrine in a form you or your child can use. It is a pen with a hidden needle that’s released by a spring. Here is how to use one type of injectable epinephrine called the EpiPen (your doctor or pharmacist can tell you about other types): Grasp the pen in the middle, not on the end.
Snap off the safety cap.
Point the tip of the pen anywhere on the outside of your child’s thigh.
Push the pen into the thigh. Wait to hear a click, and then hold for 8 seconds to release the epinephrine.
As soon as you’ve given the shot, call 911.
Have your child lie down with legs raised or a pillow under the knees until help arrives.
Older children should be taught how and when to use the EpiPen themselves.
Preventing Anaphylaxis
To help prevent allergic reactions:
For food allergies: Read package labels carefully, use caution in restaurants, and explain your child’s allergy to teachers, caregivers, and other parents.
For bee or wasp allergies: Have your child wear long sleeves, long pants, and shoes outdoors. Avoid clothing your child in flowery patterns or bright colors. Strong smells can attract bees, so avoid perfume, cologne, or highly scented laundry soaps. Use caution in fields, gardens, picnic areas, and around garbage cans.
Tell your child’s doctor, dentist, and pharmacist of any allergies your child has to medications. Keep a list of alternate medications handy.
过敏反应是紧急疾患，孩子有过敏反应必须及时诊治以免发生危险。对孩子最常见的过敏原包括食物（尤其是乳、蛋、豆、花生等），昆虫叮咬，抗生素等药物，乳胶，过敏疫苗注射等。发生过敏反应时，免疫系统会误以为某一物质有害并将强有力的化学物质充满整个机体。这些化学物质会导致诸如皮肤发痒、口脸肿胀、呼吸困难、咳嗽、气喘、吞咽困难、头晕、恶心、呕吐、胃痛、言语不清、焦虑等症状。孩子出现过敏反应，需立即行动，服用医生开出的肾上腺素，并寻求急救服务。以下可帮助防止过敏反应：可通过仔细阅读包装标签，使用饭店的注意事项以预防食物过敏；带孩子去户外时，给孩子穿长袖、长裤，避免让孩子靠近绚丽的图案，鲜亮色或强烈气味，在田野、花园或野餐时留心注意事项，以避免蜂类引起的过敏；告诉医生、牙医、老师等有关孩子对哪些食物过敏的信息，手头准备可替换的药物等等。
[http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2014/06/04/eating-breakfast-may-not-matter-for-weight-loss/]
What Causes Anaphylaxis?
Children can react to many substances, but some of the most common allergens include:
Foods, especially milk, egg, wheat, soy, peanuts, shellfish, and tree nuts (such as almonds, cashews, and walnuts)
Insect bites and stings
Medications such as antibiotics
Latex, a type of rubbAllergy shots
What Are the Symptoms of Anaphylaxis?
In an allergic reaction, the immune system mistakes a substance as harmful and floods the whole body with powerful chemicals. These chemicals can cause symptoms such as:
Itching skin and hives (raised bumps on the skin)
Swelling of the mouth or face?Trouble breathing, cough, wheezing, or trouble swallowing
Lightheadedness, dizziness, or fainting
Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
Stomach pain or cramping
Confusion
Slurred speech
Anxiety (feeling of doom)
If Your Child Has Symptoms of Anaphylaxis, Act Quickly!
If your doctor has prescribed an injectable epinephrine (such as EpiPen, Adrenaclick, Twinject), use it right away. Then call 911 or emergency services.
How Is Anaphylaxis Treated?
In the hospital:
Your child is likely to be given epinephrine (adrenaline) and antihistamines to help stop the allergic response.
The doctor will ask about substances your child may have been exposed to and whether a similar reaction has occurred before. Certain tests may also be done.
Your child will be observed for a few hours or overnight to make sure symptoms don’t return.
Your child will be referred to his or her doctor or an allergist (a doctor who specializes in allergies) for follow-up care.
Using Injectable Epinephrine
To treat a future attack, the doctor will prescribe injectable epinephrine. This is epinephrine in a form you or your child can use. It is a pen with a hidden needle that’s released by a spring. Here is how to use one type of injectable epinephrine called the EpiPen (your doctor or pharmacist can tell you about other types): Grasp the pen in the middle, not on the end.
Snap off the safety cap.
Point the tip of the pen anywhere on the outside of your child’s thigh.
Push the pen into the thigh. Wait to hear a click, and then hold for 8 seconds to release the epinephrine.
As soon as you’ve given the shot, call 911.
Have your child lie down with legs raised or a pillow under the knees until help arrives.
Older children should be taught how and when to use the EpiPen themselves.
Preventing Anaphylaxis
To help prevent allergic reactions:
For food allergies: Read package labels carefully, use caution in restaurants, and explain your child’s allergy to teachers, caregivers, and other parents.
For bee or wasp allergies: Have your child wear long sleeves, long pants, and shoes outdoors. Avoid clothing your child in flowery patterns or bright colors. Strong smells can attract bees, so avoid perfume, cologne, or highly scented laundry soaps. Use caution in fields, gardens, picnic areas, and around garbage cans.
Tell your child’s doctor, dentist, and pharmacist of any allergies your child has to medications. Keep a list of alternate medications handy.
过敏反应是紧急疾患，孩子有过敏反应必须及时诊治以免发生危险。对孩子最常见的过敏原包括食物（尤其是乳、蛋、豆、花生等），昆虫叮咬，抗生素等药物，乳胶，过敏疫苗注射等。发生过敏反应时，免疫系统会误以为某一物质有害并将强有力的化学物质充满整个机体。这些化学物质会导致诸如皮肤发痒、口脸肿胀、呼吸困难、咳嗽、气喘、吞咽困难、头晕、恶心、呕吐、胃痛、言语不清、焦虑等症状。孩子出现过敏反应，需立即行动，服用医生开出的肾上腺素，并寻求急救服务。以下可帮助防止过敏反应：可通过仔细阅读包装标签，使用饭店的注意事项以预防食物过敏；带孩子去户外时，给孩子穿长袖、长裤，避免让孩子靠近绚丽的图案，鲜亮色或强烈气味，在田野、花园或野餐时留心注意事项，以避免蜂类引起的过敏；告诉医生、牙医、老师等有关孩子对哪些食物过敏的信息，手头准备可替换的药物等等。
[http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2014/06/04/eating-breakfast-may-not-matter-for-weight-loss/]