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The effect of Ca treatment on the modification of inclusions in Al-killed GCr18Mo bearing steel was studied and a thermodynamic and kinetic model was established.The experimental results showed that oxygen content in the steel could be reduced from 120μg/g to the range 5.5-21.6μg/g by Al-Ca complex deoxidization at 1873 K.An appropriate increase in Ca/Al mass ratio is beneficial to reduce the total oxygen content in steel.When the content of dissolved aluminum was in the range of 0.03％-0.3％,with the increase of Ca/Al mass ratio from 0.8-1.6 to 2.4-3.2,the number of inclusions per unit area significantly reduced.In addition,the main types of inclusions were modified from large-sized Al2O3 clusters to plastic or sei-plastic liquid phase calcium aluminates.The experimental results matched well with the thermodynamic analysis.