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“均势”(BIance of Power)是一古老概念。在中国、印度和希腊的古代战争中都曾出现过均势思想。十六世纪后,均势常被欧洲大国用来作为处理他们之间政治关系的一种手段。在近代国际关系史中,欧洲均势一般是指1815至1914年欧洲大国的政治关系,即各大国或大国集团力量对比的相对均衡状态,以及一种相互牵制和维持现存局面的政治结构。在这百年间的欧洲国际关系中,出现过三次均势时期,即1815年拿破仑帝国灭亡至1854年克里米亚战争爆发;1870年普法战争至1890年俾斯麦下台;1890年德皇威廉二世奉行所谓“新方针”至1914年第一次世界大战爆发。本文拟对这三个时期的欧洲均势问题作一简析。
BIance of Power is an ancient concept. In the ancient wars in China, India and Greece, there appeared the idea of balance. After the 16th century, power was often used by European powers as a means of dealing with the political relations between them. In modern history of international relations, the European balance of power generally refers to the political relations between the major powers of Europe from 1815 to 1914, that is, the relative balance of power among the major powers or powers and the political structure that mutually contain and maintain the current situation. In this hundred years of European international relations, there have been three balance of power periods, namely, the fall of the Napoleonic Empire in 1815 to the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1854; the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 to Bismarck in 1890; the reign of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890 The so-called “new policy” to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This article intends to make a brief analysis of the European balance of power in these three periods.