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1．社会主义的第一声春雷20世纪初的俄国,资本主义发展远远落后于美、德、英、法等国。资本主义工业既要依靠沙皇政府的庇护以求得发展,又受到前资本主义关系层层密网的困扰。沙皇专制制度依靠贵族地主阶级和军队来维持自己的统治,具有明显的军事封建性。英法等外国资本的大量输入,使俄国帝国主义具有两重性:一方面有侵略压迫其他弱小国家和民族、争霸世界的帝国主义本性,另一方面又因实力不足而处于对西方强国的依赖地位。上述政治经济状况使俄国成为帝国主义各种矛盾表现得最集中、最尖锐的国家,即垄断资产阶级同无产阶级的矛盾、沙皇专制制度和农奴制残余同人民大众的矛盾、大俄罗斯民族同各少数民族的矛盾、俄国帝国主义同西方帝国主义国家和东方殖民地半殖民地国家的矛盾。这些矛盾的存在,使俄国成为帝国主义链条上最薄弱的环节。
1. The First Voice of Socialism Chunlei In the early 20th century Russia, the development of capitalism lags far behind that of the United States, Germany, Britain and France. Capitalist industry depended not only on the tsarist government’s asylum for development but also on the dense network of former capitalist relations. The czarist autocracy relied on the elite landlord class and the army to maintain its own rule, with obvious military feudalism. The massive importation of foreign capital such as Britain and France brought the duality of Russian imperialism. On the one hand, it imperialist nature of aggression against other weaker and smaller countries and nations and hegemony in the world, on the other hand, was in a position of dependence on the Western powers because of its lack of strength. The above-mentioned political and economic conditions have made Russia the most concentrated and the most sharply represented among the contradictions of the imperialists, namely, the contradiction between the monopoly bourgeoisie and the proletariat, the tyranny of the tsarist autocracy and the remnants of serfdom and the general public. The great Russian nation, The contradictions among the ethnic minorities, the contradictions between Russian imperialism and the Western imperialist countries and the semi-colonial countries of the Eastern colonies. The existence of these contradictions made Russia the weakest link in the chain of imperialism.