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4 约瑟夫逊器件(JosephsonDevice)4.1 超导(Superconduction)超导现象是1911年K.Kamerlingh Onnes发现的金属的电阻在低温下突然消失的一种现象。多数元素超导体对于直流电流而言,其电阻变为零,而且超导体中的磁束密度也变为零(迈斯纳效应)。这些现象是由于超导体中的电子团在低温下过渡到超导相而产生的。所谓超导相就是以形成引力对(库珀对)的电子为基本要素的有序状态。由于电子处于有序状态,整体电子的动作表现为具有一个振幅和相位的量子力学的波动。这与宏观数目的光子变成相干激光和电波的状态可用振幅、相位等少量参数来表示的情形是一样的。由于整体电子的动作呈量子力学的波动,
4 Josephson Device 4.1 Superconduction Superconductivity is a phenomenon in 1911 where Kamerlingh Onnes discovered that the electrical resistance of a metal suddenly disappears at low temperatures. Most elemental superconductors have a resistance of zero for direct current and the magnetic flux density in the superconductor also becomes zero (Meissner Effect). These phenomena are due to the superconductors in the electron group transition to the superconducting phase at low temperatures. The so-called superconducting phase is based on the formation of gravitational pairs (Cooper pairs) of the electronic basic elements of the orderly state. As the electrons are in an orderly state, the behavior of the whole electron behaves as a quantum mechanics with one amplitude and phase. This is the same as the situation where the number of macroscopic photons becomes related to the states of the laser and the electric wave, which can be expressed by a small number of parameters such as amplitude and phase. Due to the fluctuations of the quantum mechanics of the overall electronic motion,